tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67005403352931182942024-03-13T14:01:36.533+08:00JOE書房 作家就像一棵樹,而且是一種很難適應不同水土的樹種,他必須要栽在特定的所在,才能吐納得宜。鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.comBlogger447125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-36659090511753552082023-12-14T20:31:00.001+08:002023-12-14T20:31:05.209+08:00你做過「清醒夢」嗎?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgffU1B31QjYG2EDdPUl_WiqKvDa83VMZYDdlmRKQrKGEHgbdH8I0kdF52pWEIiqH_BK4o9sbDaFAg0AmZqaRlE6RX0nVHMM8Oyx3eIUd0XO2cg0jo2WJaL-zUj36C6tXg3zcz1K1x8zjVFLSpMmnkK3iN4Crrc9lmQwNk2XrVhXZeV3Bvoid26P4yJ/s997/1702556695569.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="997" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgffU1B31QjYG2EDdPUl_WiqKvDa83VMZYDdlmRKQrKGEHgbdH8I0kdF52pWEIiqH_BK4o9sbDaFAg0AmZqaRlE6RX0nVHMM8Oyx3eIUd0XO2cg0jo2WJaL-zUj36C6tXg3zcz1K1x8zjVFLSpMmnkK3iN4Crrc9lmQwNk2XrVhXZeV3Bvoid26P4yJ/w492-h286/1702556695569.jpg" width="492" /></a></div><br />文 / 鄭春鴻<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果您曾經在做夢時感覺自己置身於電影中並同時觀看電影,那麼您可能經歷過「清醒夢」。但您可能不知道它的名字,也不知道它如何有益於您的健康和福祉。「清醒夢」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Lucid dreaming)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">已被證明可以減少失眠和焦慮,甚至可以幫助人們處理悲傷。但對我們大多數人來說,這並不是自然而然的。</span><span lang="EN-US">(Lucid dreaming has been shown to reduce insomnia and anxiety, and
even help people process their grief. But for most of us, it doesn’t come
naturally.)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">史黛西·科利諾</span><span lang="EN-US">STACEY COLINO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《國家地理雜誌》</span><span lang="EN-US">(National Geographic) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你可以學會控制你的夢。就是這樣。</span><span lang="EN-US">>( You can learn to control your dreams. Here’s how.)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">告訴大家這個神祕世界。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「清醒夢」是在做夢時保持清醒的狀態,又稱作「清明夢」。清醒夢跟白日夢不同,清醒夢是做夢者於睡眠狀態中保持意識清醒;白日夢則是做夢者於清醒狀態中進行冥想或幻想,而不進入睡眠狀態中。清醒夢一詞首先由荷蘭醫生靄覃在</span><span lang="EN-US">1913</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年提出。做夢者有機會潛在地影響他們的夢境生活。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">簡而言之,「清醒夢」是指人們意識到自己正在做夢,並且可以對夢進行一些控制,或被動地觀察夢的展開,同時保持意識到這是一個夢。這讓做夢者有機會潛在地影響他們的夢境生活——或許可以透過有意識地打斷夜間敘述來重新編寫新的結果——根據</span><span lang="EN-US">2023 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的研究,這對於減少做噩夢的人來說特別有幫助。研究也發現,進行清醒夢可以幫助人們減輕失眠的嚴重程度以及焦慮症狀。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">蒙特利爾大學心理學教授、</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《大腦做夢時》一書的合著者安東尼奧·扎德拉指出:「有些清醒夢的人不想改變夢,他們想探索夢並看看它能為他們帶來什麼。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。「這是一種探索自己思想的方式,並為接觸你心靈的不同部分提供了機會。」德州大學奧斯汀分校的認知神經科學家兼研究教授班傑明貝爾德說,清醒夢也具有娛樂價值。「這就像擁有自己的虛擬實境形式。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">清醒夢的歷史</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雖然人們對夢狀態的認識可以追溯到幾個世紀前,但直到</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1913 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,荷蘭精神病學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Frederik Van Eeden</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">才根據自己的經歷創造了「清醒夢」一詞。在</span><span lang="EN-US">1970 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代和</span><span lang="EN-US">1980 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代,包括史丹佛大學心理生理學家</span><span lang="EN-US">Stephen LaBerge </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在內的研究人員證明,清醒夢是快速動眼睡眠期間的一種現象,當做夢者在夢中變得清醒時,他們被要求以不同的模式移動眼睛。</span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同時,藏傳佛教的修行者長期以來相信,人們可以透過一種稱為「夢想瑜伽」的練習來訓練在做夢時保持清醒。「所有的夢瑜珈都是清醒夢,」藏傳佛教學者、夏洛特斯維爾維吉尼亞大學冥想科學中心學術主任麥可‧希伊</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Michael Sheehy) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">解釋道。「不同之處在於,在夢中瑜珈中,你在夢中時有意識地進行冥想技巧。當你做夢時,你知道自己在做什麼,並且你在做清醒時通常無法做的事情。」他解釋說,這些有意的行為包括召喚不尋常的物體出現在你的夢中,改變夢的環境或位置,或將一件物品變成另一件物品。夢之後,「你可能會體驗到認知靈活性,意識到你可以輕鬆地改變你的想法和心態或你對環境的看法。你可以想像新的可能性、觀點和情境結果,」希伊說。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">清醒夢「構成了一種混合意識狀態」</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">伊利諾州埃文斯頓西北大學的神經科學家肯‧帕勒表示,清醒夢的神經生物學基礎尚不清楚。但初步研究表明,大腦的前額葉皮質和頂葉皮質的活動更為活躍,前額葉皮質負責調節執行功能,例如思考、解決問題和情緒,而頂葉皮質在處理和整合感官訊息和注意力方面發揮著作用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">研究人員利用測量大腦電活動的腦電圖(</span><span lang="EN-US">EEG</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)表明,清醒夢「構成了一種混合意識狀態」,其大腦活動的各個方面都是清醒狀態和快速動眼睡眠的特徵。至於清醒夢的潛在好處,貝爾德說,它們的範圍從科學到個人再到治療。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「傳統上,研究夢是非常困難的——你試圖將夢的報告與大腦中發生的生理情況聯繫起來,」貝爾德說。透過開發在快速動眼睡眠期間誘發眼球運動和清醒夢的技術,研究人員基本上可以標記清醒夢的開始和結束,「這可以與主觀報告和大腦生理學報告精確對齊,這在過去是不可能的」。他解釋道。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">針對性的記憶重新激活技術引發清醒夢</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在個人層面上,清醒夢可以幫助人們了解他們原本不會知道的關於自己的事情,從而增強創造力並為人們的福祉做出貢獻。「他們可以學習技能,找到問題的答案,並體驗精神上的轉變,」帕勒說。克里斯多福·馬祖雷克(</span><span lang="EN-US">Christopher Mazurek</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)在高中時聽說過清醒夢,並根據他讀過的一本書嘗試了一年半的時間。直到</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2018 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,作為西北大學的學生,馬祖雷克在帕勒的實驗室做志願者,他才做了第一個清醒夢。該實驗室使用有針對性的記憶重新激活技術,其中使用特定的聲音在人熟睡時引發清醒夢。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一旦他能夠做到這一點,馬祖雷克的清醒夢就特別具有治癒作用。他的祖父母最近去世了,他能夠在清醒夢中與他們交談。「它很強大,它幫助我處理悲傷,」現在西北大學研究助理的馬祖雷克說。「這是一次非常令人興奮、有益的經歷。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">清醒夢也為人們提供了練習技能的機會</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">清醒夢也為人們提供了練習技能的機會。研究發現,在清醒夢中練習運動技能是一種心理演練的形式,可以提高現實生活中運動或遊戲中的後續表現。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同時,在治療層面上,清醒夢被發現有助於治療失眠和惡夢。如果有人經常做惡夢並學習如何進行清醒夢,他們就能意識到自己在做夢,他們所經歷的事情不是真實的,並且可能會改變夢的結果。「這可能是一次強大的變革性體驗,幫助他們達到一定程度的解決或治愈,」貝爾德解釋道。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果你沒有天生的清醒夢(大多數人沒有),你可以學習透過各種技術來誘發清醒夢,但可能會有缺點。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在《睡眠進展》雜誌上發表的一項研究中,</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">研究人員</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">檢查並分析了清醒夢討論論壇上的</span><span lang="EN-US"> 400 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個帖子,發現了積極的影響和消極的經歷。從好的方面來說,許多人報告說夢境增強了,以積極的心情醒來,噩夢也減少了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">寫夢日記,你就會開始更好地回憶夢境</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">消極的一面是,人們報告感到癱瘓——無法喊叫或移動——或者難以區分自己是睡著了還是真的醒著,而且恢復性睡眠也較差。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「有些人不想做清醒夢,他們只想睡覺,」蒙特利爾大學睡眠醫學高級研究中心的認知神經科學家雷明頓·馬利特</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Remington Mallett) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說。專家說,如果你決定嘗試清醒夢,先決條件是擁有相當好的夢境回憶。「如果你寫夢日記,你就會開始更好地回憶夢境,」馬利特說。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">用於誘發清醒夢的技術取得了不同程度的成功,並且沒有一種技術適合所有人。「這是一項可以學習的技能,但人們讓它聽起來比實際上容易得多,」扎德拉說。較成熟的技術包括在白天或入睡時進行的認知技術。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「感官啟動清醒夢」技術</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">扎德拉解釋說,透過現實測試技術,你可以在一天中定期停止正在做的事情,問問自己是在夢中還是在現實中,然後回到平常的活動。根據今年發表的研究,這些「現實檢查」最終可以融入「一個人的夢中,使他們能夠區分睡眠和清醒的現實,從而導致夢的清醒」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一種稱為清醒夢助記歸納的技術包括在白天排練一個夢,並想像自己變得清醒,同時告訴自己,下次我做夢時,我會意識到我在做夢。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">透過「醒來</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">回到床上」技術,人們設定一個鬧鐘,在大約六個小時的睡眠後響起,保持清醒大約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 30 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分鐘,然後回到床上,意圖在開始清醒時變得清醒。做夢。另一種稱為「感官啟動清醒夢」技術,需要在大約五個小時的睡眠後醒來,並在重新入睡之前在視覺、聽覺和身體感覺之間反覆轉移注意力。在這三種技巧中,</span><span lang="EN-US">2023 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的一項研究發現,在白天練習做夢是最有效的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">透過反覆試驗的過程,您可以看到哪一個適合您。或者,「你可以將它們堆疊起來並全部使用,」貝爾德說,因為它們可以一起工作。馬利特說,無論頻率如何,清醒夢都可以幫助人們獲得「對夢境內容的代理或控制」的感覺。他補充道,這很有幫助,「因為夢的影響可以延續到現實生活中。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-78164773371097170342023-12-13T10:59:00.002+08:002023-12-13T10:59:28.675+08:00武力不足以應付恐怖主義<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlzjQzEu9yvMS8XZ1TGDNPZJk-XjtrkQlqGipIWIeYcv-6RnsLE_27nEsZRVsMH3z3VVRbbGYCMIl2jSc9oNfVhiaFU_y1K9Agi5Cx5nm3TKIo3VMHWO9MttfeICZedAWcYUH-oyyqi6Fqm8lbV_mBxJt7XDni9GILAmB4xIlU7qIwh4Zi18dFQyL/s1021/1700306869365.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="1021" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlzjQzEu9yvMS8XZ1TGDNPZJk-XjtrkQlqGipIWIeYcv-6RnsLE_27nEsZRVsMH3z3VVRbbGYCMIl2jSc9oNfVhiaFU_y1K9Agi5Cx5nm3TKIo3VMHWO9MttfeICZedAWcYUH-oyyqi6Fqm8lbV_mBxJt7XDni9GILAmB4xIlU7qIwh4Zi18dFQyL/w483-h287/1700306869365.jpg" width="483" /></a></div><br />文 / 鄭春鴻<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">10 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"> 7 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日哈馬斯對以色列發動可怕的恐怖攻擊後,以色列似乎不可避免地會以毀滅性的方式報復。對這種攻擊的第一個自然反應是厭惡,伴隨著復仇和懲戒性懲罰的慾望。以色列總理本傑明·內塔尼亞胡按照這一願望採取了行動,誓言要「摧毀」哈馬斯,轟炸加薩地帶,並對該領土發動地面入侵——儘管目前尚不清楚以色列如何(如果有的話)從軍事或意識形態消滅哈馬斯。希夫尚卡爾‧梅農</span><span lang="EN-US"> Shivshankar Menon</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《外交事務》</span><span lang="EN-US">(Foreign Affairs) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">克制的美德;為什麼使用武力不足以應付恐怖主義</span><span lang="EN-US">>( The Virtues of Restraint:Why the Use of Force Is Rarely a
Sufficient Response to Terrorism)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分析其中原因。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國家選擇了克制,而不是報復。反而防止了潛在的災難性戰爭</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">選擇以暴制暴也是一種選擇。事實上,並非所有恐怖主義受害者都會選擇報復。</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名巴基斯坦恐怖分子從海上偷偷登陸孟買。他們在接下來的兩天裡對酒店、咖啡館、一個主要火車站和一個社區中心發動了襲擊,造成至少</span><span lang="EN-US">174 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人死亡、</span><span lang="EN-US">300 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多人受傷。印度當局很快意識到恐怖分子來自巴基斯坦,並得到了巴基斯坦的支持。國家的安全機構。我當時在印度政府擔任外交大臣,我的第一個反應是敦促對鄰國如此無恥的攻擊行為採取強而有力的報復行動。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但經過深思熟慮,權衡了各種行動方案的可能結果和更廣泛的影響,總理曼莫漢·辛格的政府最終選擇不對巴基斯坦的恐怖分子營地進行公開的軍事打擊。相反,新德里透過外交和秘密管道對孟買的恐怖暴行做出了回應。在公開場合,國家選擇了克制,而不是報復。這項決定為印度帶來了國際支持,防止了潛在的災難性戰爭,最大限度地減少了平民傷亡,並且可以說防止了更多的恐怖主義。至少到目前為止,印度還沒有在印度領土上再次遭遇巴基斯坦支持的造成大規模傷亡的攻擊。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一個武士為被殺的主人報仇的故事</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當然,印度和以色列是兩個截然不同的國家。巴基斯坦和加薩並不等同。不同的背景決定了國家對恐怖攻擊的反應。</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年和</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年不同情況下,面對跨國恐怖事件,印度選擇對巴基斯坦境內明確目標進行軍事報復。但印度的經驗有力地提醒我們,將恐怖主義視為一個需要軍事反應的純粹軍事問題來處理是有限制的。當以色列夷平加薩部分地區,為未來播下仇恨的種子時,考慮不以更大的暴力回應恐怖主義暴力的好處是有啟發性的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">神話作家約瑟夫·坎貝爾講述了一個日本民間故事,講述了一個武士為被殺的主人報仇的故事。在追捕殺害他主人的兇手後,武士正準備斬首他,這時刺客向他臉上吐口水。武士立刻收刀入鞘,轉身離去。他的主人教導他永遠不要出於盲目的憤怒而行動;報應應保持客觀、公正的距離。坎貝爾的故事闡明了對恐怖的一種可能的反應:克制。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">克制似乎是印度可以選擇的最不壞的選擇</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年孟買恐怖攻擊事件後,印度認為軍事打擊不太可能解決源自巴基斯坦的跨國恐怖主義問題;這將轉移國際社會對印度恐怖受害者的同情,顯示這件事是印度和巴基斯坦之間的爭吵,兩國在這場爭吵中是平等的。這將為恐怖分子及其贊助者帶來他們所希望的攻擊結果:憤怒、分裂的印度,甚至可能引發戰爭。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">克制似乎是印度可以選擇的最不壞的選擇。這是有代價的:巴基斯坦軍隊和反印度激進組織虔誠軍領導層中的許多支持這次襲擊的高層都逃脫了報復,該組織對暴力事件負有責任。可以肯定的是,印度並不是一個和平主義國家,在其他情況下它也曾以武力回應恐怖主義暴力。當巴基斯坦支持的恐怖分子於</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年襲擊烏裡的印度軍營和</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年襲擊萊索波拉的一支安全車隊時,印度選擇越線進行軍事報復,打擊恐怖分子的發射台和基地。這兩種報復行動對於鎮壓跨國恐怖主義或消滅其煽動者和領導人都沒有產生巨大作用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在孟買發生恐怖暴行後,印度選擇了克制,而不是報復。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恐怖主義暴力的目標往往是讓一個更強大的國家失去平衡並煽動流血。歷史提供了恐怖分子成功誘使強國陷入戰略錯誤的警示例子。奧匈帝國對弗朗茨·斐迪南大公被謀殺的反應導致了第一次世界大戰和哈布斯堡帝國的終結。</span><span lang="EN-US">911</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">攻擊後,美國選擇發動一場無法取勝的全球反恐戰爭,入侵阿富汗和伊拉克並陷入困境;有人可能會說,這兩個國家和更廣泛的地區最終的狀況都比開始時更糟。反恐戰爭催生了「伊斯蘭國」等更具殺傷力的恐怖組織,高昂的平民死亡人數和美軍的暴行損害了美國的聲譽。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">兩個錯誤並不能構成一個正確</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">政府決定如何應對恐怖主義往往會因國內政治因素和公眾的報復慾望而變得複雜。以其實力或民族主義資歷而自豪的領導人往往會拿起錘子。但兩個錯誤並不能構成一個正確,歷史不會眷顧那些屈服於情感並依賴軍事手段對抗恐怖威脅的人。以色列在加薩針對平民的行動以及約旦河西岸持續發生的暴力事件已經失去了全世界的同情。與針對這一具體情況而設計的軍事、秘密和政治措施的結合相比,「強硬」的、純粹的軍事反應不太可能實現以色列消滅哈馬斯的目標。從經驗來看,大多數針對恐怖攻擊的大規模軍事反應都導致了長期戰爭、意想不到的後果以及恐怖威脅的淨增加。</span><span lang="EN-US">2009</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,斯里蘭卡政府消滅了泰米爾猛虎組織的軍事力量,這常被視為成功使用武力打擊恐怖組織的例子。但這表面上的勝利導致數十萬人流離失所,未能解決種族緊張局勢,並扭曲了該國的民主進程——這些問題至今仍然存在。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">過度反應會產生恐怖分子所尋求的宣傳氧氣</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">軍事上的過度反應會產生恐怖分子所尋求的宣傳氧氣。它有助於宣傳恐怖組織聲稱代表弱勢群體。事實上,哈馬斯發動</span><span lang="EN-US"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"> 7 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日襲擊的動機之一很可能是為了製造一種局面,使大多數以前不支持哈馬斯的巴勒斯坦人因以色列的懲罰性行動而投入其懷抱。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恐怖主義的動機和目標都是政治性的,因此必須以政治性的方式加以處理。嚴格的暴力反應符合以色列數十年來對恐怖活動的反應:一種被稱為「除草」的策略,這是一種委婉的說法,指的是定期進行懲罰性行動,旨在鎮壓但不能根除恐怖活動。該短語的作者之一、以色列學者和軍事戰略家埃坦·沙米爾</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Eitan Shamir) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現在宣稱這種策略是不夠的。他認為,以色列的威懾已經失敗,只有將哈馬斯從加薩連根拔起,該國才能生存。目前尚不清楚如何在不給加薩平民帶來可怕的傷亡和痛苦的情況下實現這一目標。無視巴勒斯坦人的權利和他們建國的願望正是造成該地區目前令人遺憾的局面的原因。以色列的轟炸、飛彈攻擊和坦克射擊最有可能將加薩人推向哈馬斯和其他武裝組織。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">單靠鎮壓並不能消除恐怖主義威脅</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哈馬斯的攻擊不僅對以色列構成政治挑戰。現在,西方可以合理地指責其在對待外國佔領和襲擊烏克蘭和巴勒斯坦平民的態度上採取雙重標準和虛偽態度。對許多南方國家和一些北方國家來說,西方列強拒絕敦促停火或解決以色列對平民的攻擊問題,是對西方公開承諾的戰爭法和人道主義考量的嘲弄。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以色列自身的經驗證明,單靠鎮壓並不能消除恐怖主義威脅。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">只有透過政治手段應對恐怖主義——將恐怖分子與他們聲稱代表的民眾隔離開來,並提供更好的替代方案——才能找到真正消除哈馬斯當前拒絕主義和虛無主義形式的前進道路。以色列自身的經驗證明,單靠鎮壓並不能消除恐怖主義威脅。有控制地使用武力對於給予政治發揮空間是有用的,甚至是必要的。如果和平是最終目標,那麼克制就可以打開溝通和談判的空間。對恐怖主義的純粹軍事反應削弱了那些以和平為真正目標的人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">針對恐怖主義沒有完美的公式化應對措施</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當然,當恐怖分子得到一個或多個國家的支持時,計算就更加複雜。在這種情況下,針對非國家行為者的大規模武力的效用本來就有限,而國家保護使他們有罪不罰,這使得他們更加雪上加霜。政府必須對恐怖活動的國家支持者做出有效的軍事和政治反應。印度在因應國家支持的恐怖主義方面擁有豐富的經驗。總體而言,它透過結合軍事、政治、社會和印度國內外的其他手段來遏制了問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當然,所有這些都不能保證任何國家完全免受恐怖攻擊。經驗表明,針對恐怖主義沒有完美的公式化應對措施,只有不那麼痛苦和更有成效的應對措施。許多以色列人和巴勒斯坦人同樣相信,他們的受害者身分證明了極端和不人道的措施是正當的,而世界其他國家則感到被迫選擇立場。那些透過政治手段尋求和平結果的人的聲音似乎被那些呼籲復仇、懲罰和濫用武</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">力的人淹沒了。但如果要吸取一個教訓的話,那就是政府需要了解鎮壓和武力的限制。單獨選擇只會導致更大的悲劇</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-10166376714332804572023-12-13T10:54:00.001+08:002023-12-13T10:54:23.822+08:00哲學家皇帝馬可‧奧理略的生命智慧<p><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwEVeieADlzyf-PyLMSayDUVe1qsqgeCBeosp0gSDCEIa69QfLIsXkItseAGigu3835HdAXaQvM29i7i8GY1il1KqPEg3ieRnlXIXPVW1NW-slEyHt_1G2Mdq15PxEkaGksrVKW10ZkVsvi2Mme38pydph4LAJmQmGF68fFrXJ2VqP-Wwmjx5_io0V/s928/1702435969728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="928" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwEVeieADlzyf-PyLMSayDUVe1qsqgeCBeosp0gSDCEIa69QfLIsXkItseAGigu3835HdAXaQvM29i7i8GY1il1KqPEg3ieRnlXIXPVW1NW-slEyHt_1G2Mdq15PxEkaGksrVKW10ZkVsvi2Mme38pydph4LAJmQmGF68fFrXJ2VqP-Wwmjx5_io0V/w513-h303/1702435969728.jpg" width="513" /></a></b></div><b><br />文 / 鄭春鴻 </b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公元二世紀被譽為「哲學家皇帝」的羅馬帝國皇帝馬可‧奧理略</span><span lang="EN-US">(Marcus Aurelius)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的世界一片混亂。當他在多瑙河邊境與日耳曼部落進行了一場漫長而血腥的戰爭時,一場大瘟疫席捲了西歐。面對這些苦難,加上年老和死亡的念頭,皇帝在哲學中尋求安慰。在他的一生中,尤其是在軍事行動期間的一些奇怪時刻,他記下了自己的個人奮鬥、哲學信念以及關於成為更好的統治者和個人的見解。從這種真誠的內省表達中,誕生了十二本思考生命和人類處境的書。總而言之,這本集子被稱為《沉思錄》。儘管這位哲學家皇帝馬可‧奧理略的《沉思錄》只是為他自己寫的,但如今已有數百萬人閱讀,尋求他的堅忍智慧和人生教訓。胡安·巴勃羅·桑切斯</span><span lang="EN-US">JUAN PABLO SÁNCHEZ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《國家地理雜誌》</span><span lang="EN-US">(National Geographic) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略的生活規則是什麼?他的自助經典有答案>告訴我們從中可以得到哪些智慧?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哲學家皇帝</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略的大理石雕塑於公元</span><span lang="EN-US"> 139 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年左右雕刻而成,當時他大約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 18 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲,與他的許多著名的描繪不同,他的鬍子刮得乾乾淨淨。清潔、貼面剃鬚。這座馬可‧奧理略的大理石雕塑於公元</span><span lang="EN-US"> 139 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年左右雕刻而成,當時他大約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 18 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲,與他的許多著名的描繪不同,他的鬍子刮得乾乾淨淨。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略於公元</span><span lang="EN-US"> 121 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年出生於羅馬的一個貴族家庭,接受了良好的修辭和哲學教育。他學習希臘文並自由引用荷馬和歐里庇得斯的著作。也許這就是為什麼他用希臘語而不是羅馬帝國的官方語言拉丁語寫《沉思錄》。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年輕時,他也對哲學產生了濃厚的興趣,尤其是古代盛行的斯多葛主義學派。它的關鍵原則之一是強調內在力量的發展和接受超越自己控制範圍的事情。斯多葛主義於公元前</span><span lang="EN-US"> 300 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年左右由芝蒂姆</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Citium) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的芝諾</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Zeno) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在雅典創立,後來發展成為古代世界的主要哲學之一。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">始終以理性為指導,修行美德,才能找到幸福</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">它在古羅馬蓬勃發展,西塞羅是其主要學者之一(也是羅馬斯多葛主義的良好資訊來源)。愛比克泰德(</span><span lang="EN-US">Epictetus</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)曾是希臘奴隸,後來成為馬可‧奧理略(</span><span lang="EN-US">Marcus Aurelius</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)研究的一位極具影響力的斯多葛派哲學家。事實上,《沉思錄》與愛比克泰德的道德戒律集《</span><span lang="EN-US">Enchiridion</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》(手冊)有些相似。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在《沉思錄》中,馬可‧奧理略感謝他的老師昆圖斯·尤尼烏斯·魯斯蒂庫斯向他介紹了斯多葛派愛比克泰德的作品。但馬可‧奧理略的著作將他自己的原創聲音加入了斯多葛主義的哲學傳統中。他被這個思想流派所吸引,並開始相信感知是真正知識的基礎。面對人生的滄桑,始終以理性為指導,修行美德,才能找到幸福。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">據信,馬可‧奧理略寫《沉思錄》是為了一種內省,而不是為了更多的公眾消費。這些條目的範圍從直率的格言到令人信服的論文,並且沒有明確的工作組織——儘管已經確定了一些模式,主題圍繞著斯多葛哲學組織。整體而言,人們普遍認為,《沉思錄》為我們了解羅馬帝國個體作為斯多葛派的生活是什麼樣子提供了一個私人窗口。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人們為了彼此而存在。你可以指導或忍受他們</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這部作品以一種清算開始,馬可‧奧理略向所有在他一生中對他產生積極影響的人表示感謝。例如,他感謝他的導師讓他遠離迷信和惡習,並使他過著更樸素和高貴的生活。他記得,這些導師中最重要的是昆圖斯·尤尼烏斯·魯斯提庫斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Quintus Junius Rusticus</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),他糾正了他魯莽的性格,並向他介紹了斯多葛派哲學家。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略在軍事行動期間寫下了《沉思錄》</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。在第二本書的結尾,他提到了卡農圖姆,這是多瑙河上的軍事基地(靠近現代維也納)。第一卷末尾的另一條註釋提到「誇迪人中間的格蘭河」。格蘭河(今日的赫倫河)是流經斯洛伐克的多瑙河支流。馬可‧奧理略在那裡的事實表明,他並不滿足於從卡農圖姆指揮作戰,而是越過多瑙河進入野蠻人的領地,從前線指揮。但即使在戰爭前線,他也抽出時間寫作。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">沒有人能把我捲入有辱人格的事情中</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略也回憶了他</span><span lang="EN-US">17 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲時來到羅馬宮廷的生活。他的養父、當時的皇帝安東尼努斯·庇護保持著樸素的生活方式,因此年輕的馬可‧奧理略並沒有被推入一個衣著華麗的世界。奢華的生活;他甚至沒有私人警衛。這位未來的皇帝很欣賞養父治理帝國的奉獻精神和冷靜果斷的個性。</span>
<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略於公元</span><span lang="EN-US">161 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年登上王位,與他的養弟盧修斯·維魯斯共同統治,直到盧修斯於</span><span lang="EN-US">169 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年去世。雖</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">然馬可‧奧理略沒有直接反映他作為皇帝的生活,但他談到了重要的相關主題,包括他的責任重大,需要維護正義。他認識到,他的決策必須符合他所統治的人民的最大利益。他寫道:「每天開始時告訴自己:今天我將遇到干涉、忘恩負義、傲慢、不忠、惡意和自私</span><span lang="EN-US">......</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些事情都不能傷害我,因為<a name="_Hlk151923492">沒有人能把我捲入有辱人格的事情中</a>。」</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他認識到權力可能是一種負擔和誘惑,強調在權威面前避免傲慢和保持謙遜的重要性。他還提供瞭如何應對困難情況、保持內心平靜以及在面對障礙時保持專注於自己目標的見解。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他討厭大多數人似乎喜歡的東西</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在他更個人的觀察中,有些事情似乎讓他煩惱。他承認他討厭大多數人似乎喜歡的東西。例如,角鬥遊戲就令他反感。性行為被簡化為「短暫的癲癇發作」。他不明白為什麼人們會對元老和皇帝所穿的紫色長袍印象深刻,而這些長袍只不過是「用貝類血染的羊毛」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他試著時時保持冷靜,不關心鄰居會對他說什麼或怎麼想。正如他提醒自己的那樣:“這永遠讓我感到驚訝:我們都比愛別人更愛自己,但更關心他們的意見而不是我們自己的意見。”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管他非常感激他的妻子安東尼烏斯·皮烏斯的女兒小福斯蒂娜,但家庭在他的作品中只佔很小的比例。他形容她「如此聽話、如此深情、如此簡單」。其他同時代的資料來源對福斯蒂娜則不那麼友善。卡西烏斯·迪奧等歷史學家指責她與英俊的士兵和角鬥士通姦。然而,馬可‧奧理略在他的著作中只對她說了好話。兩人育有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 13 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個孩子,但只有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個孩子過了童年。</span><span lang="EN-US">175 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,福斯蒂娜去世後,皇帝深感悲痛。他將妻子安葬在羅馬的哈德良陵墓。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">保持正直、正直、虔誠、嚴肅、樸素、正義的盟友、虔誠、善良、深情、意志堅定……我們在這裡存在的唯一回報就是純潔的品格和無私的行為。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略在多瑙河沿岸的軍營裡夜復一夜地寫作,轉向更黑暗的主題,包括戰爭的本質。他在不同的地方指出了戰鬥的可怕現實:“你是否見過一隻被切斷的手或腳,或者一個被斬首的頭,只是躺在遠離它所屬身體的地方</span><span lang="EN-US">......</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">?”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">短暫的一生中最終都擁有相同的命運:死亡</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但當天亮時,這些沉思就會消失,現實就會佔上風。夜間的哲學家必定是白天的軍事領袖。他承認這並不總是那麼容易。「黎明時分,當你起床困難時,告訴自己:『我必須去上班——作為一個人』”,儘管「蜷縮在毯子下」更好。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其中有對過去偉大將軍的反思,如亞歷山大大帝、凱撒和龐培,以及儘管他們取得了巨大的勝利,但「他們也離開了這一生」。也提到了龐貝城和赫庫蘭尼姆的匿名居民,他們在維蘇威火山的火山灰下窒息而死。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">關於生命短暫的本質,馬可‧奧理略在《沉思錄》中提到了三座失落的城市:龐貝和赫庫蘭尼姆,均於公元</span><span lang="EN-US"> 79 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年被維蘇威火山掩埋;和希臘亞該亞的赫利克,西元前</span><span lang="EN-US"> 373 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年被大海吞沒。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在《沉思錄》中,馬可‧奧理略幾乎痴迷地重申了這樣的觀點:每個人在<a name="_Hlk151923635">短暫的一生中最終都擁有相同的命運:死亡</a>。「人的一生短暫而瑣碎,」他寫道。「昨天有一滴精液;明天防腐液,灰燼。”「生命短暫。這就是全部要說的了。從當下獲取你所能得到的──我們每個人都只活在當下,這短暫的瞬間。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">存在像一條河流一樣從我們身邊流過</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最重要的是,皇帝最大的追求是找到心靈的平靜,他沉思著生命的流逝有多快:“<a name="_Hlk151923766">存在像一條河流一樣從我們身邊流過</a>:</span><span lang="EN-US">'</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">什麼</span><span lang="EN-US">'</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不斷變化,</span><span lang="EN-US">'</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為什麼</span><span lang="EN-US">'</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有一千種變化。”</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鑑於這種短暫性,他指出最好的做法是「把每件事都當作是你生命中做的最後一件事」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,死亡為馬可‧奧理略提供了一種解放,一個脫離這個世界的機會,在這個世界中,許多人忽略了他所承認的唯一價值觀——理性美德和道德良善。這位哲人皇帝的真正戲劇性在於他試圖愛他的人類同胞:「為你注定的事——教你自己與這些贖罪。那些與你分享這些的人——用愛對待他們。帶著真正的愛。”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略毫無痛苦或絕望地告訴自己這一切。即使死亡也必須懷著感恩的心接受:“不要輕視死亡,而要歡迎它。”</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他沉思道,死亡是事物自然法則的一部分,並將其與「成熟和落下的橄欖」進行比較。</span><span lang="EN-US">/ </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">讚美它的母親,感謝它生長的樹。”</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他說要「以快樂和真實的態度接受死亡,並從心底感謝眾神」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬可‧奧理略於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 180 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"> 17 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日死於瘟疫,享年</span><span lang="EN-US"> 58 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲,他留下了不可磨滅的印記。他的著作引起了從普魯士腓特烈大帝到美國總統比爾·克林頓等各國元首的興趣。當</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年擔任中國總理的溫家寶聲稱讀過《沉思錄》一百多遍時,該書成為全國出版最多的希臘經典著作之一。世界各地的讀者每年都將重溫文本並提醒自己其中的教訓作為一種傳統。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-8551322470842337062023-12-13T10:48:00.006+08:002023-12-13T10:48:33.051+08:00壓力和焦慮只有一線之隔<p><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDLjXUg6EPwUW_JNnwpoBG2MaR4Ggriy0mU0wXt1oVRoSslCfyV7sJ4v-WpBwV75cC05jxf1zJDl8nNWw043MzmyLZ2_Yc3Aejci6Q-kUkz02wOza4p5gaUH0-U-5oGSfn7-ukkXhRCriwMJRydFIavpaw0i6WQPOzhnTyUmdpXJ9DlfwTbp2S_sw1/s1123/1701105098052.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="1123" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDLjXUg6EPwUW_JNnwpoBG2MaR4Ggriy0mU0wXt1oVRoSslCfyV7sJ4v-WpBwV75cC05jxf1zJDl8nNWw043MzmyLZ2_Yc3Aejci6Q-kUkz02wOza4p5gaUH0-U-5oGSfn7-ukkXhRCriwMJRydFIavpaw0i6WQPOzhnTyUmdpXJ9DlfwTbp2S_sw1/w512-h285/1701105098052.jpg" width="512" /></a></b></div><b><br />文 / 鄭春鴻</b><p></p><p> <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">發表在《美國心理學家》</span><span lang="EN-US"> (American Psychologist) </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">壓力和焦慮有什麼區別?</span><span lang="EN-US">>(What’s the difference between stress and anxiety?)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">指出,壓力和焦慮只有一線之隔。兩者都是情緒反應,但壓力通常是由外部觸發因素引起的。觸發因素可以是短期的,例如工作截止日期或與親人發生爭執,也可以是長期的,例如無法工作、歧視或慢性病。處於壓力下的人會出現精神和身體症狀,如煩躁、憤怒、疲勞、肌肉疼痛、消化問題和睡眠困難。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一方面,焦慮的定義是持續的、過度的擔憂,即使沒有壓力源,這種擔憂也不會消失。焦慮會導致與壓力幾乎相同的症狀:失眠、注意力不集中、疲勞、肌肉緊張和煩躁。輕度壓力和輕度焦慮對類似的因應機制都有良好的反應。體力活動、營養豐富的多樣化飲食以及良好的睡眠衛生是一個很好的起點,但還有其他應對機制。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">31%</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的美國人一生中都會經歷焦慮症</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果您的壓力或焦慮對這些管理技巧沒有反應,或者如果您覺得壓力或焦慮正在影響您的日常功能或情緒,請考慮與心理健康專家交談,他們可以幫助您了解自己正在經歷的事情並為您提供額外的因應工具。例如,心理學家可以幫助確定您是否患有焦慮症。焦慮症與短期焦慮感的嚴重程度和持續時間不同:焦慮通常持續數月,並對情緒和功能產生負面影響。有些焦慮症,例如廣場恐懼症(對公共或開放空間的恐懼),可能會導致人們迴避愉快的活動或難以保住工作。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根據美國國家心理健康研究所的最新數據,</span><span lang="EN-US">31%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的美國人一生中都會經歷焦慮症。最常見的焦慮症之一是廣泛性焦慮症。為了確定某人是否患有廣泛性焦慮症,臨床醫生會尋找六個月內大部分時間出現的過度、難以控制的擔憂等症狀。擔憂可能會從一個話題跳到另一個話題。廣泛性焦慮症也伴隨焦慮的軀體症狀。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恐慌症特徵是焦慮突然發作</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一種類型的焦慮症是恐慌症,其特徵是焦慮突然發作,可能會讓人出汗、頭暈和喘息。焦慮也可能以特定恐懼症(例如害怕飛行)或社交焦慮的形式表現出來,其特徵是對社交場合普遍恐懼。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">焦慮症可以透過心理治療、藥物治療或兩者結合來治療。最廣泛使用的治療方法之一是認知行為療法,其重點是改變與焦慮相關的適應不良思維模式。另一種潛在的治療方法是暴露療法,它涉及以安全、可控的方式面對焦慮觸發因素,以打破圍繞觸發因素的恐懼循環。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-7155837768604584272023-12-13T10:44:00.002+08:002023-12-13T10:44:12.304+08:00怎麼和孩子談論戰爭?<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBo2f9yVnk5VNywG_NKZZ53xGkxbee1QZGPM1ili8fBRDtaPLkbdIHjaTOQwSZ640rQA-IePD-WuBSKj0i1KRRJGvj4RMtgja_R1nrJVzZ-H_3KRzB5l8B9g1qf6lHhcbrSG_mmqgNfTpIIUNB3UmKXy_UOw1auUjBMOLYJM8WoH9R_5-eVafjngiw/s994/1701742740009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="994" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBo2f9yVnk5VNywG_NKZZ53xGkxbee1QZGPM1ili8fBRDtaPLkbdIHjaTOQwSZ640rQA-IePD-WuBSKj0i1KRRJGvj4RMtgja_R1nrJVzZ-H_3KRzB5l8B9g1qf6lHhcbrSG_mmqgNfTpIIUNB3UmKXy_UOw1auUjBMOLYJM8WoH9R_5-eVafjngiw/w505-h300/1701742740009.jpg" width="505" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><br />文/ 鄭春鴻</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">戰爭死那麼多人,世界這麼文明,為什麼人還是那麼殘忍愚蠢呢?我們該怎麼和孩子談論戰爭?發表在《美國心理學家》</span><span lang="EN-US"> (American Psychologist) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">戰爭時期的韌性:給小學生家長和老師的建議</span><span lang="EN-US">(Resilience in a time of war: Tips for parents and teachers of
elementary school children)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提出與孩子談論戰爭可以幫助他們感到更安全。這是心理學家的建議。</span><span lang="EN-US">(Talking to children about war can help them feel safer and more
secure. Here’s what psychologists recommend.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對於兒童來說,時事往往是不確定的。他們希望父母和老師能讓他們在戰爭時期感到安全。當孩子們開始學習教導他們了解家庭之外世界的科目時,他們將需要您的幫助來解決這一切。您可能想知道如何教導您的孩子克服戰爭時期所帶來的恐懼。好消息是,就像您的孩子學習閱讀和寫作一樣,他們可以學習適應力技能,即面對逆境、創傷、悲劇、威脅甚至重大壓力源時良好適應的能力。有哪些技巧可以幫助您教導孩子適應力?當您使用這些技巧時,請記住,每個孩子的復原力之路都會有所不同,您對孩子的了解將為您提供指導。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">戰時給小學生家長和老師的</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> 10 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個建議</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與您的孩子交談。當孩子有問題時,誠實、簡單、放心地回答。詢問他們認為發生了什麼,並傾聽他們的回答。不要忽視他們的感受——他們可能會說他們很害怕,你應該準備好告訴他們:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恐懼是可以的,但無論如何他們都必須繼續生活。使用明確的語言,不容置疑,例如「我會永遠照顧你」。讓您的家成為孩子情感上的安全場所。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">花大量的家庭時間與您的孩子在一起,尤其是在戰爭時期。花更多時間陪孩子玩遊戲、閱讀或只是抱著孩子。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">限制您的孩子在戰爭期間觀看的新聞數量。當戰爭報告進行時,請關閉電視或收音機。你不需要向你的孩子隱瞞世界上正在發生的事情,但你也不需要讓他們不斷接觸戰爭的故事。收起大量報導戰爭照片或令人恐懼的封面的雜誌和報紙。監控您孩子的網路使用情況,確保他們不會造訪提供血腥或聳人聽聞的戰爭報告的網站。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">意識到戰爭的壓力可能會加劇日常壓力。您的孩子通常能夠應對失敗的測試或嘲笑,但要理解,他們可能會以憤怒或不良行為來應對通常不會讓他們感到不安的壓力。讓他們放心,您只希望他們盡力而為。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在戰爭時期,制定一個慣例並堅持下去。孩子們透過規律的作息時間感到安心。如果作業在某個時間完成,請確保保留該時間做作業。當世界局勢不穩定時,您的孩子可能無法應付家中的變化。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">確保你照顧好自己。如果你不這樣做,當你的孩子需要兩者來確保自己的安全時,你可能會缺乏耐心和創造力。照顧好自己,才能照顧好孩子。許多人發現,無論是透過有組織的宗教還是私下尋求更高的權力,都會有所幫助。告訴孩子們他們會沒事的。讓他們放心,他們會受到保護。為家庭制定</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">應急計劃,並分享您認為您的孩子可以理解的任何部分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">與孩子們分享學校制定的應急計劃並為他們做好準備——一些學校在緊急情況下關閉,孩子們都在裡面,孩子們需要知道,即使他們不在父母身邊,他們也會在學校受到保護。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">留意您的孩子是否有他們可能無法用語言表達的恐懼和焦慮跡象。您的孩子是否變得比平常更黏人,需要更多的擁抱和親吻?他們的成績突然下降了嗎?他們可能感受到周圍世界發生的事情的壓力。如果他們無法用語言表達自己的感受,鼓勵他們寫故事或畫圖來表達他們的感受。持有執照的心理健康專業人士(例如心理學家)可以提供協助。要查找您所在地區的執照心理學家。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">僅僅因為您的孩子還小,並不意味著他們不能做適合年齡的家務,例如擺桌子或打掃房間。確保您的孩子知道他們的行為如何為整個家庭的福祉做出貢獻。如果孩子們知道他們可以發揮作用並且可以提</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">供幫助,他們會感到更有控制力並且更有自信。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">讓孩子以正面的角度看待事情。您和您的孩子以前可能都沒有經歷過戰爭,但您應該告訴您的孩子戰爭已經結束。指出您的孩子何時面對並克服了可能令他們害怕的事情,無論是對黑暗的恐懼還是對第一次進入新教室的恐懼。當你談論糟糕的時光時,請確保你也談論未來的美好時光。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">韌性是一趟旅程</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你可以教導你的孩子適應力。但僅僅因為你的孩子學會了韌性並不意味著他們不會遇到困難。糟糕的時光會讓人受傷,你的孩子也會有不快樂的時候。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">復原力是一個旅程,每個孩子都會在路上花自己的時間,就像每個孩子在自己的時間裡學習閱讀和寫作一樣。您的孩子可能會從其中一些彈性策略中受益,而其他孩子可能會從其他策略中受益。您在戰爭時期教導孩子的韌性技能即使在戰後也對他們有用,而且它們是日常生活中需要掌握的良好技能。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">您可能覺得需要一些幫助來培養孩子的適應力。如果您感到困惑或不知所措並且無法使用上面列出的提示,您可能需要考慮與可以提供幫助的人交談,例如心理學家或其他心理健康專業人士。向某人尋求指導可能會幫助您幫助您的孩子增強韌性並在戰爭時期堅持下去。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-68458229933666795052023-11-24T15:35:00.006+08:002023-11-24T15:35:42.430+08:00 社群媒體用多少才算是過多?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOVTs2KI-Ub0e7z7IYA18Ar00_wmHgz-0Ac1P7maACm1Kt5hYTXSy_elsGTolU756M6i-fGD6phV1u7whftcPmYgsopExl75OKdLlvbali7GabyR2m921ezlwQwMznHaHFIy9UlJghb5fJrfjozq9Ckrt74e6XRGOs1OMsZ6AXj_4PWMxnEPnT8veD/s951/1700810790411.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="951" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOVTs2KI-Ub0e7z7IYA18Ar00_wmHgz-0Ac1P7maACm1Kt5hYTXSy_elsGTolU756M6i-fGD6phV1u7whftcPmYgsopExl75OKdLlvbali7GabyR2m921ezlwQwMznHaHFIy9UlJghb5fJrfjozq9Ckrt74e6XRGOs1OMsZ6AXj_4PWMxnEPnT8veD/w479-h289/1700810790411.jpg" width="479" /></a></div><br />文 / 鄭春鴻</div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對於父母和照顧者來說,跟上社群媒體平台的最新動態可能很困難。試圖過濾您的孩子在網路上接觸到的大量內容似乎是不可能的。因此,</span><span lang="EN-US">APA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">建議青少年在開始使用社群媒體之前培養社群媒體素養技能,並不斷收到提醒</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以幫助強化這些技能。發表在《美國心理學家》</span><span lang="EN-US">
(American Psychologist) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社群媒體用多少才算是過多:米奇‧普林斯坦博士的問答</span><span lang="EN-US">How much is too much social media use: A Q&A with Mitch
Prinstein, PhD> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美國心理學會</span><span lang="EN-US">(APA)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">首席科學官就如何幫助青少年培養社群媒體素養技能提供了幾項建議。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社群媒體平台、學校和家長都可以在教授社群媒體素養技能方面發揮作用。</span><span lang="EN-US">APA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">建議社群媒體素養培訓應涵蓋與青少年社群媒體使用和心理健康科學直接相關的各個領域。與</span><span lang="EN-US">APA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">關於青少年社交媒體使用的健康建議相關</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,以下是</span><span lang="EN-US"> APA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">首席科學官</span><span lang="EN-US"> Mitch Prinstein
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博士對有關社交媒體素養的常見問題的回答。他的答案是基於過去十年對世界各地數萬名青少年進行的數百項研究。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">1. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社群媒體是否反映了現實世界?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社群媒體與現實生活不同。幫助青少年記住,按讚、留言或貼文可能並不代表大多數人的想法。發表的貼文或表達的意見可能無法反映您社群中的大多數人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我如何知道網路資訊的真實性?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社群媒體充滿了不準確或故意誤導人們的訊息。錯誤訊息和虛假訊息都很</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">容易在網路上傳播。即使我們沒有意識到,我們也可能被欺騙而相信我們所看到的。研究表明,錯誤訊息和虛假資訊比事實準確的資訊更有可能被轉發,因此我們接觸虛假資訊的頻率可能比我們意識到的要高。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與您的孩子討論如何判斷來源是否可靠且值得信賴。由心理科學家開發的線上遊戲</span><span lang="EN-US"> getbadnews.com</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教導玩家如何辨識人們在網路上傳播虛假訊息的策略。另一個資源,</span><span lang="EN-US"> spotthetroll.org</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,是由心理科學家開發的,旨在教導孩子如何識別真正的社群媒體使用者和機器人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">點讚的真正意義是什麼?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有時我們喜歡某個貼文只是為了表現得更好。記住這一點很重要,因為我們可能會被許多讚的貼文誤導。事實上,其中一些讚甚至可能不是來自真實的人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">科學表明,當我們看到一篇貼文獲得很多讚時,我們更有可能喜歡並相信它。一些研究表明,我們的大腦對點讚次數較多的貼文的反應不同,即使我們沒有意識到,這也會影響我們。重要的是要記住,喜歡並不總是意味著人們同意他們所看到的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">什麼是「過度」使用社群媒體?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">花大量時間上網進行健康行為,例如與朋友誠實交談或從可靠來源學習,可能並非全是壞事。但大約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 50% </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的青少年報告至少有一種社群媒體使用問題的跡象,包括:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">即使想停下來也無法停下來社群媒體的使用乾擾了他們的日常生活為了維持社群媒體的使用而刻意或說謊因使用社群媒體而導致學業或人際關係出現問題</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">幫助青少年了解這些社群媒體使用問題的跡象,並在需要時協助他們減少上網時間。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">5. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社群媒體平台上哪些工具最安全?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">青春期的健康關係包括與他人的聯繫,其特徵是社會支持、同理心、陪伴和情感親密。當社群媒體能夠幫助人們建立這種連結時,它就能發揮最佳作用。與支持的同儕互動可以幫助兒童和青少年培養積極的行為,例如合作、同理心和信任。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">鼓勵青少年使用社群媒體工具,例如直接訊息傳遞,這將有助於誠實地描述自己並感受到與他人的真正聯繫。被動滾動或簡單地喜歡某個帖子而不進行更深層次的參與並不能培養心理上健康的關係。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">父母還應該認識到孩子可能希望在線上獲取資訊和支持,以了解與其健康或身分相關的敏感主題。這些可能是他們還不願意與您談論的事情。平衡家長監控與青少年對隱私的適當需求非常重要。提前與您的孩子討論這種平衡可以幫助他們感到受到尊重,同時讓您制定指導方針以確保他們的安全。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">6. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如何幫助防止社群媒體上的衝突?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教導青少年認識他們在網路霸凌和網路仇恨中所扮演的角色。為了獲得喜歡或追蹤者而對他人做出不尊重或傷害的行為可能會對受害者造成嚴重傷害。同樣,按讚別人的網路仇恨貼文也會造成傷害。研究表明,這種交流不僅傷害受害者,還會傷害其他在網路上目睹網路仇恨的用戶。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與您的孩子討論識別網路霸凌的例子,例如發布或發送傷害性或令人尷尬的訊息、鼓勵傷害或使用數位科技讓他人感到被排斥。如果青少年目睹網路霸凌行為,鼓勵他們與您或其他成年人交談。與您的孩子談論網路霸凌行為的善意和嚴重性也很重要。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">7. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我如何鼓勵我的孩子不要將自己與網路上看到的進行比較?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相信我們所看到的東西是一種正常的人類特徵。將自己與他人比較也是很正常的。在網路上,我們可以比以前更常做到這一點。對於仍在形成穩定自尊感的青少年來說,這可能存在潛在危險。使用社群媒體比較人們的外表或尋求對自己個人照片的回饋的年輕人,身體形像不佳、飲食失調和憂鬱症狀的風險增加,特別是在女孩中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">幫助您的孩子了解人們會選擇性地只分享他們希望您在網路上看到的內容,從而對他們的生活和外表進行精心策劃。許多照片和影片都經過濾鏡處理或使用編輯工具進行修改。然而,即使人們了解這些工具,他們的第一直覺通常是相信他們所查看的內容是真實和準確的。青少年和成年人需要克服這些自動的想法,並不斷提醒自己,他們在網路上看到的東西並不總是真實的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">8. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果我看到網路歧視怎麼辦?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">網路社群經常反映我們所處的世界。不幸的是,這包括歧視、偏見、仇恨言論和霸凌。教導孩子批評種族主義訊息並認識網路結構性種族主義。研究表明,能夠批判性地評估種族主義內容的年輕人在網路上目睹與種族相關的創傷事件時,會經歷較少的精神疾病症狀。每個青少年都有機會幫助所有人透過在網路上所做的選擇感到平等和受到重視。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">9. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如何安全地談論心理健康?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對心理健康有疑問是很自然的。然而,青少年需要被教導只能從有執照、經過訓練的精神衛生保健提供者、可信的衛生機構或代表受過適當培訓的協會尋求資訊。幫助青少年記住詢問是否有任何科學證據來支持他們在網路上學習的內容。幫助他們了解為什麼我們在做出醫療保健決定之前需要證據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">10. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社群媒體為何存在?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">青少年應該明白,大多數社群媒體公司都是為了獲利而設計的。他們透過收集有關用戶的數據來做到這一點。與您的孩子討論這些公司如何收集和儲存有關他們查看、點擊或發布的所有內容的資訊。這些數據可以被公司以連成年人都難以完全理解的方式使用和分享。為了保持用戶的參與度,社群媒體公司設計了一些功能,包括按鈕、無限滾動和自動播放視頻,讓用戶很難離開。社群媒體也利用了青少年的社交聯繫需求。它旨在推動或獎勵某些線上行為。青少年應該了解一些社群媒體功能有時可能會促使他們獲得有用的信息,但有時可能會對青少年的心理健康造成風險。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隨著時間的推移進行一系列的討論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社群媒體素養不是任何人都能透過一次對話就能學會的。將其視為一系列將隨著您的孩子的成長和技術的發展而發展的討論。定期檢查社交媒體的情況,並尋找可能損害他們身心健康的跡象。讓您的孩子知道,如果他們對在線看到的內容有疑慮,或者在過度使用社交媒體的情況下遇到困難,他們可以向您尋求支持。透過保持溝通管道暢通,您可以幫助您的孩子與社群媒體建立健康、積極的關係。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-59091343608905651752023-11-22T10:18:00.007+08:002023-11-22T10:18:48.047+08:00自我檢視看看有沒有種族偏見<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYR5JxaMkxt0slLksfI7G_wQLIYXomDzhPkaq5hl_OefcDHsUEetThTydKKnqolp_sAlxgWFsLeklYlJdypjvqe77InYc7-Hask8tpgbWU4XRqr0NrWbl1x_LTcS6c3YbYpF2yqmCDqfDYqcdWIw5aux7K876zEDQaOFwMDqCdIcmltNYI_J0ts24X/s842/1700618195826.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="842" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYR5JxaMkxt0slLksfI7G_wQLIYXomDzhPkaq5hl_OefcDHsUEetThTydKKnqolp_sAlxgWFsLeklYlJdypjvqe77InYc7-Hask8tpgbWU4XRqr0NrWbl1x_LTcS6c3YbYpF2yqmCDqfDYqcdWIw5aux7K876zEDQaOFwMDqCdIcmltNYI_J0ts24X/w458-h282/1700618195826.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><br />文 / 鄭春鴻</div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣勞動部最近透露,可能要引進</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬名印度勞工來台,引起不小的反對聲浪,也有呼籲大家不要有先入為主的「偏見」。你對膚色比我們深的民族,有特定的偏見嗎?有種族偏見的人是否有哪些特徵呢?發表在最新一期《美國心理學家》</span><span lang="EN-US"> (American Psychologist) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">誰有偏見,對誰有偏見?五大特徵和普遍偏見</span><span lang="EN-US">>(Who is prejudiced, and toward whom? The big five traits and
generalized prejudice)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出,薈萃分析旨在揭示某些人格特質是否會導致對他人的偏見</span><span lang="EN-US">(Meta-analysis seeks to uncover whether certain personality traits
contribute to prejudice against others)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你不妨自我檢視看看。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宜人性</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(agreeableness)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">特徵與普遍的偏見感呈負相關</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Jarret Crawford</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(新澤西學院)和</span><span lang="EN-US">Mark Brandt</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(蒂爾堡大學)的研究探討了兩個問題:具有特定人格特質的人是否對大多數不同類型的群體存在偏見(普遍偏見),以及具有對某些類型群體存在偏見的特定人格特質?為了測試這些問題,他們使用了薈萃分析,這是一種結合了多項不同科學研究結果的研究方法。這項研究綜合了四項不同研究(包括超過</span><span lang="EN-US"> 7,500 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人)的結果。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他們的研究結果表明,宜人性</span><span lang="EN-US">(agreeableness)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">特徵與普遍的偏見感呈負相關,宜人性較高的人對不同群體的人表現出較少的偏見。他們的研究結果也顯示,開放性特徵與普遍的偏見感受略有負相關,開放性較高的人對不同群體的人表現出較少的偏見。這項研究告訴我們,宜人性特徵較低的人似乎更負面地看待其他人,其中包括對不同類型群體的人表現出更高程度的偏見。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">什麼是宜人性?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宜人性是大五人格特質之一,指的是一個人對他人富有同情心、合作性和同理心的傾向。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1. </span><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">性格評估中如何衡量宜人性</span><span lang="EN-US">(agreeableness)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">?</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宜人性是許多人格評估中測量的五種人格特質之一。它指的是一個人對他人合作、友善和體貼的傾向。為了衡量宜人性,通常會使用各種自我報告問卷。一種廣泛使用的衡量標準是大五量表</span><span lang="EN-US"> (BFI)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,它由一系列有關行為和態度的陳述組成。受訪者根據李克特量表對他們同意或不同意每項陳述的程度進行評分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一種流行的衡量標準是</span><span lang="EN-US"> NEO </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人格量表(</span><span lang="EN-US">NEO-PI</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),它評估五大特徵,包括宜人性。它由多項選擇題組成,要求個人對其行為和偏好的各種陳述的同意程度進行評分。這些衡量標準提供了顯示個人宜人程度的分數,通常是從低到高的連續範圍。值得注意的是,這些評估並不是決定性的,但它們可以洞察個人在宜人性方面的整體傾向。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宜人性會隨著時間而改變嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是的,宜人性會隨著時間而改變。宜人性是大五人格特質之一,指的是個人富有同情心、合作和信任的傾向。雖然人格特質通常被認為隨著時間的推移是穩定的,但研究表明它們也可能受到各種因素的影響。生活經驗、個人成長和社會環境的改變都會導致宜人性的改變。例如,隨著個人的成熟並更好地理解他人的觀點,他們可能會變得更加隨和。此外,重大生活事件,例如建立家庭、經歷重大職業轉變或經歷個人困難也會影響宜人性。值得注意的是,雖然宜人性可以改變,但這並不代表個人可以在一夜之間徹底改變自己的性格。宜人性的變化通常是漸進的,並且可能受到遺傳、環境和個人因素的綜合影響。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">3. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宜人性高的人有哪些特質?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宜人性高的人往往有幾個特徵。以下是高宜人性個體的一些共同特徵:合作:他們通常願意與他人合作並尋找共同點,使他們成為良好的團隊合作者。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">富有同情心:他們對他人表現出同理心和關心,並經常考慮他人的感受和需求。樂於助人:他們傾向於幫助他人,在需要時提供支持並伸出援手。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">體貼:他們深思熟慮並注意自己的行為對他人的影響,旨在避免造成傷害或不適。值得信賴:宜人性高的人通常被認為是可靠的、可靠的,信守諾言並保持他人的信任。非對抗性:他們傾向於避免衝突和分歧,選擇和平解決方案並在必要時做出妥協。隨和:他們通常有輕鬆愉快的舉止,能夠很好地適應不同的情況並且思想開放。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宜人性如何影響人際關係和社交互動?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">關係滿意度:和藹可親的人通常更包容和理解,這有助於提高關係滿意度。他們更有可能以建設性的方式解決衝突,並優先考慮合作夥伴的需求。溝通:和藹可親的人往往是好的傾聽者,並且對不同的觀點持更開放的態度。他們通常善於以非對抗性的方式表達自己的想法和情感,這可以促進人際關係中的有效溝通和理解。解決衝突:宜人性可以對人際關係中衝突的處理方式產生正面影響。和藹可親的人更傾向於尋求妥協和</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這項研究摘要可以納入講座或作為閱讀材料與學生分享,以展示心理科學如何探索人類經驗的多樣性。此資源也可用於鼓勵學生識別研究的主要組成部分(即假設或研究問題、樣本、方法和結果)。可以要求學生找出研究的潛在局限性,並鼓勵他們討論其對我們理解人類行為的影響。關鍵字強調如何將支柱內部和跨支柱的概念納入單一研究。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-16536783977667196262023-11-05T22:58:00.002+08:002023-11-05T22:58:23.608+08:00 為什麼我們選擇無知?<p><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXZjTMQJKR7iRurPmpsUdSDRqIjs1OWftj5tVlusNexymjOhqTnT8bgIO1UnYu8YcNj3vizQ1av2QODYN_Exl1fjm0TNftp23S_xnNMnGBvLi7nxADxqFVw6MdnHy37SlQyX2bUc64AfIgBAdqztzPjR-VnUE-aUKxdMowxr4-lpmSy6fHK4lxVYL8/s940/1699196208685.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="940" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXZjTMQJKR7iRurPmpsUdSDRqIjs1OWftj5tVlusNexymjOhqTnT8bgIO1UnYu8YcNj3vizQ1av2QODYN_Exl1fjm0TNftp23S_xnNMnGBvLi7nxADxqFVw6MdnHy37SlQyX2bUc64AfIgBAdqztzPjR-VnUE-aUKxdMowxr4-lpmSy6fHK4lxVYL8/w437-h276/1699196208685.jpg" width="437" /></a></div><br />文 / 鄭春鴻<p></p><p><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px;">發表在《心理學評論》 (Psychological Review) 的<「我寧願不知道」:為什麼我們選擇無知‘>(I’d rather not know’: Why we choose ignorance)研究表明,選擇不去了解後果會讓人們在保持積極的自我形象的同時做出自私的行為。美國心理學會發表的研究顯示,當讓他們選擇了解自己的行為將如何影響他人時,40% 的人會選擇無知,通常是為了給自私行為找藉口。</span></p><div class="tdc-row" id="tdi_111" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 1068px;"><div class="vc_row tdi_112 wpb_row td-pb-row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: -10px; margin-right: -10px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="vc_column tdi_114 wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span8" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: calc(100% - 320px) !important;"><div class="wpb_wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; width: auto;"><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_content tdi_117 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1 td-post-content tagdiv-type" data-td-block-uid="tdi_117" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: Roboto !important; font-size: 17px !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 21px; padding-bottom: 16px; position: relative;"><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index" style="box-sizing: border-box; transform: translateZ(0px); word-break: break-word;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">故意無知的現象有多普遍、危害有多大?</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">「這種故意無知的例子在日常生活中比比皆是,例如當消費者忽視他們購買的產品的有問題的來源資訊時,」荷蘭阿姆斯特丹大學博士研究生、主要作者 Linh Vu 博士說。“我們想知道故意無知的現象有多普遍、危害有多大,以及人們為什麼會這樣做。”這項研究發表在《心理通報》雜誌。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Vu 和她的同事對 22 項研究進行了薈萃分析,共有 6,531 名參與者。這些研究都是在研究實驗室或網路上進行的,大多數研究都遵循一個協議,其中一些參與者被告知其行為的後果,而其他人則可以選擇是否了解後果。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">在一個例子中,參與者必須在接受較小的獎勵(5 美元)或較大的獎勵(6 美元)之間做出決定。如果他們選擇 5 美元,那麼匿名同行(或慈善機構)也將收到 5 美元。然而,如果他們選擇較大的 6 美元獎勵,另一位接受者將只獲得 1 美元。一組參與者可以選擇了解他們選擇的後果,而另一組則自動被告知後果。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">40% </strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">的人選擇不了解自己行為的後果</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">在所有研究中,研究人員發現,當有選擇時,40% 的人選擇不了解自己行為的後果。這種故意的無知與較少的利他主義有關:當人們被告知自己選擇的後果時,與被允許保持無知的情況相比,人們對他人慷慨的可能性要高出 15.6 個百分點。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">研究人員推測,故意無知的原因之一可能是有些人表現出利他行為,因為他們想保持作為一個利他人的正面自我形象。在這些情況下,故意的無知可以讓他們保持自我形象,而不必以利他的方式行事。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">研究共同作者、阿姆斯特丹大學行為倫理學教授 Shaul Shalvi 博士表示,統合分析支持了這一點。這是因為,與預設獲得資訊的參與者相比,選擇了解其行為後果的人表現出慷慨的可能性高出 7 個百分點。這表明真正無私的人選擇了解他們行為的後果。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">他們希望以良好的眼光看待自己</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">沙爾維說:“研究結果令人著迷,因為它們表明我們觀察到的許多利他行為都是出於按照別人期望的方式行事的願望。” 「雖然大多數人在充分了解自己行為的後果後願意做正確的事情,但這種意願並不總是因為人們關心他人。人們表現出利他行為的部分原因是社會壓力以及他們希望以良好的眼光看待自己。由於正義往往代價高昂,要求人們放棄時間、金錢和精力,因此無知提供了一條簡單的出路。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5 !important; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">本薈萃分析中包含的所有研究均在美國或西歐的實驗室或 Amazon Mechanical Turk 等線上平台上進行。研究人員表示,未來的研究應該旨在檢視更多樣化環境中的故意無知,並研究打擊這種行為的方法。</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-59378321823783375212023-10-29T22:53:00.002+08:002023-10-29T22:53:10.874+08:00民主的代價是永遠要對民粹主義保持警惕<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLU743Y0yY99kQUd1suDpT0Iz2u9bu4wg-XCg7bXaupWsFYH-vj8jouiwzKB_T5CuSMclIs2pehdjKqtRRIXAPjO2rpmQtg9eHsP1WcVpxgAa0kxBlTe0PUBsYdbPIKtlPxXDnTiyxILDOcvyxI98pmjf0MWiRsvR0xmjnWO2xIQ1sEFfJBTd_n2J/s912/1698581499987.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="912" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLU743Y0yY99kQUd1suDpT0Iz2u9bu4wg-XCg7bXaupWsFYH-vj8jouiwzKB_T5CuSMclIs2pehdjKqtRRIXAPjO2rpmQtg9eHsP1WcVpxgAa0kxBlTe0PUBsYdbPIKtlPxXDnTiyxILDOcvyxI98pmjf0MWiRsvR0xmjnWO2xIQ1sEFfJBTd_n2J/w478-h287/1698581499987.jpg" width="478" /></a></div><br /> <span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px;">文 / 鄭春鴻</span><p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">民粹主義始終是政客玩弄民主的法寶。一個貪腐的政黨,一個惡名昭彰的政客,到了選舉,竟然還有一大票人擁戴他們,十之八九都是他們勇於操弄民粹主義。19世紀英國哲學家、法學家和社會改革家傑里米·邊沁(Jeremy Bentham)早就看出這些傢伙的手段。他的名言:「民主的代價是永遠要保持警惕」卻只能掛在牆上,路過的人從來不看一眼。V. Venkateswara Rao發表在最新一期《地緣政治》(The Geopolitics) 的<波蘭表明民粹主義者並非不可戰勝>(Poland Shows That Populists Are Not Invincible)指出,匈牙利和土耳其掌權的民粹主義者都得逞了;此外,民粹主義聯盟贏得了義大利的選舉。民粹主義者在許多國家的力量正在增長。人們不再不可能想像民主和法治正在受到民粹主義領導人的攻擊和削弱。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">也許唯一的例外是巴西選舉</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">在兩個州(黑森州和巴伐利亞州)舉行的德國地區選舉中,極右翼的德國聯盟(AfD)捲土重來。在最近的土耳其選舉中,一個六黨反對派聯盟未能推翻受歡迎的右翼總統雷傑普·塔伊普·埃爾多安。通常,第三次選舉勝利會給威權領導人足夠的時間去佔領民主制度,制服司法機構,在公共行政部門配備忠誠者,壓制獨立媒體,並將他們的對手打上不愛國的標籤。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">也許唯一的例外是巴西選舉,左翼領導人路易士·伊納西奧·盧拉·達席爾瓦在 2022 年以一把鬍鬚贏得了總統選舉,擊敗了現任的雅伊爾·博爾索納羅。盧拉獲得了50.8%的選票,而博爾索納羅獲得了49.2%的選票。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">民粹主義者捲土重來的最新例子是斯洛伐克</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">「那裡有許多制度限制了博爾索納羅的行動能力,因此我將他的政府歸類為激進右翼,而不是極右翼,在民粹主義激進右翼的意識形態家族中,」 「另一方面,博爾索納羅可以歸類為右翼極端主義領導人,因為他一直是巴西軍事獨裁最暴力時期的辯護者,不接受民主遊戲規則」 大衛聖保羅天主教大學(Pontifical Catholic University of Sao Paulo)國際關係教授馬加良斯(Magalhaes)對即將卸任的總統雅伊爾·博爾索納羅(Jair Bolsonaro)及其政府進行了區分。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">民粹主義者捲土重來的最新例子是斯洛伐克,社會民主黨(SMER)方向黨的民粹主義領導人羅伯特·菲科(Robert Fico)在2006年至2010年以及2012年至2018年統治期間治理記錄不佳,醜聞纏身,但在政治上捲土重來。菲科在停止對烏克蘭的軍事援助、反對基輔尋求加入北約和歐盟、阻止移民並將斯洛伐克人放在首位的民粹主義平台上競選。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">如今,自由派沒有得到選民的太多回應來讓他們振作起來,但來自波蘭的最新消息出人意料地讓他們歡呼。大批波蘭人投票否決了過去八年來一直統治該國的民粹民族主義法律與正義黨。他們賦予了由前總理兼歐洲理事會前主席唐納德·圖斯克領導的反對派聯盟的堅實授權。反對派聯盟在下議院460名議員的下議院贏得了66個席位,在上議院參議院贏得了100個席位中的個席位。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">歐洲現代歷史上民粹主義者第一次在民主選舉中被擊敗</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">這是一場非常不公平的競爭,法律與正義黨被國有媒體鼓動,並由國有公司提供大量資金。儘管反對反對派聯盟的滿了骰子,但這是歐洲現代歷史上民粹主義者第一次在民主選舉中被擊敗。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">儘管自由民主在幾個國家面臨壓力,民粹主義領導人的沙文主義訴求引起了許多選民的共鳴,但波蘭的情況表明,民粹主義領導人並非不可戰勝。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">反對黨的聯合鬥爭在匈牙利和土耳其失敗了。那裡的國有媒體成功地將反對派描繪成沮喪的五花八門的團體,將執政黨描繪成國家價值觀的可靠捍衛者。相比之下,三個反對黨在波蘭分別競選。波蘭選民知道反對黨將在組建政府時相互合作,他們可以選擇投票給符合他們觀點的政黨。這也有一些戰術優勢。波蘭國有媒體無法將火力集中在一個反對派集團上。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">反對黨還通過民主示威來大規模動員人民</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">在選舉之前,反對黨還通過民主示威來大規模動員人民,以慶祝波蘭1989年舉行的第一次半自由選舉周年紀念日。波蘭的自由派反對派領導人也表現出公民勇氣,努力工作。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">這也幫助他們在明確的領導人圖斯克(Tusk)背後建立了一個統一的反對派陣線,圖斯克是一位具有國際地位的人物,具有與民粹主義者抗衡的地位。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">中間派第三條道路黨的圖斯克和霍洛尼亞幾個月來廣泛旅行,到達該國最偏遠的地區。他們參加在往往明顯敵視反對黨的地區舉行的公開活動並發表講話。一場關於國有TVP的電視「辯論」,由法律和正義黨的忠誠者偏見和主持,對執政黨適得其反。顯然,代表法律與正義黨的總理莫拉維茨基在與公民平臺黨的唐納德·弗朗西謝克·圖斯克和第三條道路黨的西蒙·霍洛尼亞以及左翼黨代表的辯論中表現不佳。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">波蘭的媒體自由排在世界第</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">58</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">位</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">無國界記者組織將波蘭的媒體自由排在世界第58位。通過2021年波蘭法律,墮胎權大幅縮減,只允許在強姦和亂倫的特殊情況下使用。LGBTQIA+權利也受到了反對。波蘭社會兩極分化嚴重。值得稱讚的是,執政的法律與正義黨一直是烏克蘭的堅定支援者,自俄羅斯入侵以來,它吸收了大約一百萬來自烏克蘭的難民。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">對於自由反對黨來說,這是一場微弱的勝利,35%的波蘭選民仍然投票給執政的法律與正義黨,另有7%投票給極右翼的聯邦。然而,波蘭的首次選民和婦女發揮了作用,為親民主政黨提供了多數席位。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 26px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">波蘭指明瞭道路。儘管執政的民粹主義者完全控制了國有媒體並佔領了國家機構,但親民主反對派的勝利表明,右翼民粹主義的發展並非不可避免。它為其他民主國家的自由主義者點燃了一線希望。</p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-70305237058250142902023-10-27T22:23:00.000+08:002023-10-27T22:23:03.032+08:00李源德這樣的老師,柯文哲這樣的學生<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體, serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="新細明體, serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFj9eJnQWbPibztcdrLFhlhxKnB3rbRox02Jkm6SjBGPMi8Nl3S-sU12duz1cu-eZwli_VygcgHDvCJm8cHIKmLYYPcYwI49Qk0emeE7trRNX_1OfxNl4VVaOGWygtqI_cNW6C0jPVdxEQhNS13L1yXQvjwBlYx44iX-9sVdwjFriNfChOiQ9LRyA1/s1016/1698415354185.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="1016" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFj9eJnQWbPibztcdrLFhlhxKnB3rbRox02Jkm6SjBGPMi8Nl3S-sU12duz1cu-eZwli_VygcgHDvCJm8cHIKmLYYPcYwI49Qk0emeE7trRNX_1OfxNl4VVaOGWygtqI_cNW6C0jPVdxEQhNS13L1yXQvjwBlYx44iX-9sVdwjFriNfChOiQ9LRyA1/w495-h283/1698415354185.jpg" width="495" /></a></span></div><span face="新細明體, serif"><br />文</span><span lang="EN-US"> / </span><span face="新細明體, serif">鄭春鴻</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">報載,台大醫院前院長李源德對柯文哲這個學生負評連連,評論柯文哲說他「臉皮厚」、「能力有限」、「興風作浪」;又說柯「風雲際會,自以天縱英才,在我的學生中,只不過爾爾之一。臉皮厚,強裝以為是,因此誤導他的這一人生。過去倖獲喜歡熱鬧的政治盲客提拔,賜給機會,可惜他能力有限,只好巧言令色應付大家。他在過去是鬧事之輩,本性難移,現在一如既往,興風作浪是本能。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">柯文哲是一個怎樣的人,大家都有自己的看法,心裡都有數。本文不是要談柯文哲;而是要說一說作為老師的李源德。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">韓愈說過,「師者,所以傳道、授業、解惑也。」一個好老師,之所以會讓學生一輩子感謝、尊敬,往往不是這個老師教了他哪些課業技能,而是這個老師影響了他的人格;在他人生低谷的時候,給他溫暖;當他對人生有了疑惑,為他在思想上開啟一扇窗。簡單說,一個好老師,所以讓學生念念不忘說他「一日為師,終身為父」,是因為他改變了自己的生命。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">很少有老師像李源德一樣,用如此不堪的言詞來形容自己的學生,有反省能力的老師一定會這樣認為,如果真的教出這樣的學生,躲都來不及了,自己應該更感到丟臉,感到慚愧。因為在學的時候,你並沒有好好的教導他、開導他。教一個醫學生會看病、會動手術、會用葉克模,這是基本的技能,沒有什麼了不起的,因為一個好醫生一生能做到的只有</span><span lang="EN-US">3C : cure sometime,care often,comfort always.</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(</span> <span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">偶爾治癒,經常照顧,一直安慰)。一個會看病的醫生,是他職業上基本應該做到的;而一個讓病人感到溫暖,終身感謝的醫生,即使病人最後還是病死在床上,他的親屬對這位醫師仍然非常感謝。一個良醫才是醫學院老師應該努力培養的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我常說,老師、醫師、律師,這三種職業是非常特別的,因為他們每天面對的都是有求於他們,都是在知識不對等下向他們求救的人。做這三種職業的人,天天做的是在改變人的生命,不是單純的金錢對價關係的工作。換句話說,這三種人如果把自己的工作只當作賺錢的手段,把有求於他的人都當成消費者,那麼天下的災難就臨到了。你有沒有發現,這裡所說的災難就在眼前。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">by / Cheng Chun-hung</p><p class="MsoNormal">It has been reported that the former president of National Taiwan University Hospital, Li Yuan-de, had a lot of negative comments on the student of Ko Wen-chieh, saying that Ko Wen-chieh was "thick-skinned", "limited in his ability", and "making waves"; he also said that Ko was "a man of many talents, but he was only one of my students". His thick skin and pretence of righteousness have misled him in this life. In the past, he was fortunate to be promoted and given opportunities by blind politicians who like to make a fuss. Unfortunately, his ability was limited, so he could only talk smartly to cope with the public. He was a troublemaker in the past, and his nature has changed. Now, as always, it is his instinct to make waves."</p><p class="MsoNormal">We all have our own opinions about what kind of person Ko Wen-chieh is, and we all know it in our hearts. This article is not about Ko Wen-chieh, but about Li Yuan-de as a teacher.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Han Yu said, "A teacher is a person who preaches, teaches, and explains. The reason why a good teacher will be appreciated and respected by his students for the rest of their lives is not so much that the teacher teaches them academic skills, but that the teacher influences their personality, warms them up when they are at a low point in their lives, and opens up a window in their minds when they are doubtful about their lives. To put it simply, a good teacher is a teacher who is remembered by his students as "once a teacher, always a father" because he has changed his life.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Few teachers have used such unflattering words to describe their students as Li Yuan De did. A teacher with the ability to reflect would think that if he or she had taught such a student, it would be too late to hide, and that he or she should feel even more humiliated and ashamed. It is because you did not teach and guide him properly when he was a student. Teaching a medical student to be able to see a patient, to perform surgery, and to use a Yekmu is a basic skill, and it's nothing great, because a good doctor can only do 3Cs in his life: cure sometime, care often, comfort always. A doctor who can see patients is basically what he should do professionally; and a doctor who makes his patients feel warmth and lifelong gratitude, even if the patients finally die in bed, his relatives will still be very grateful to this doctor. A good doctor is what medical teachers should endeavour to cultivate.</p><p class="MsoNormal">I always say that teachers, doctors, and lawyers are very special professions because every day they are faced with people who ask for their help, people who ask for their help when their knowledge is not equal. What people in these three professions do every day is to change people's lives, and it is not purely a matter of monetary consideration. In other words, if these three types of people see their work as a means to make money and treat those who ask for help as consumers, then disaster is upon the world. Have you noticed that the disaster mentioned here is right around the corner?</p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-80423191282809319692023-10-17T22:11:00.006+08:002023-10-19T17:35:32.481+08:00肉食者鄙 <p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWAi1pjHJB6gGMPd20G0Tr7VjKmVLvsr0Go26NI_5Ou6lff_JUJSX4w0zcvgM84so1hKkrrSEu3bOP8BET6BqRV3KQXi5a2nGkqB_FiU_3lMC1VsGHh1tBSVqZpEMpVKqHib6BZ8bhA4c30xuawjJm0X1f5ozEw_8qGyczJdx9LyxNFG5X6MCxjQg4/s1392/IMG_4197.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1044" data-original-width="1392" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWAi1pjHJB6gGMPd20G0Tr7VjKmVLvsr0Go26NI_5Ou6lff_JUJSX4w0zcvgM84so1hKkrrSEu3bOP8BET6BqRV3KQXi5a2nGkqB_FiU_3lMC1VsGHh1tBSVqZpEMpVKqHib6BZ8bhA4c30xuawjJm0X1f5ozEw_8qGyczJdx9LyxNFG5X6MCxjQg4/s320/IMG_4197.webp" width="320" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">賴清德日前在中山大學演講時,一名外文系的女大生提問,「如何解決民進黨層出不窮的貪污案件?」賴清德卻反問學生,「你說的是哪個具體事件?」一個國家元首,年紀都可以當女大學生爺爺的人,當孫女問你說</span><span lang="EN-US"> : </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「爺爺,你明知抽菸不好,為什麼還要抽菸?」賴爺爺卻瞪著孫女說</span><span lang="EN-US"> : </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「你問的是我在那裡抽的菸?」這種人愧為長輩,真的很失格。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其實,搞政治的人,閃躲不敢面對腐敗問題,說他失格,不如說他不上道。哪個政治圈沒有腐敗讓人說三道四的?甚至可以這麼說,不說別人,哪一個政客嗅聞起來不都有一些腐敗味兒?賴清德反問學生的那句話,就腐味兒十足,否則怎會引來這多反嗆?腐敗味是政客的底色,政客的湯底,甩都甩不掉的腐敗令人很容易聯想到「肉食者鄙」,沒錯!那些在上位大塊吃肉的,都要沾上。腐敗味兒。只是到了選舉季節,大家的鼻子比較尖,比較不能忍受。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「肉食者鄙」自古有之。許多歷史上有影響力的哲學家,特別是柏拉圖(《理想國》)、亞里斯多德(《政治學》)、馬基維利(《君王論》)、霍布斯(《利維坦》)和孟德斯鳩(《法律精神》),都關注政治腐敗。對這些哲學家來說,腐敗在於統治者為了自己的個人或集體(派系)的自身利益而進行統治,而不是為了大眾利益並按照法律神聖的道德原則進行統治。他們也強調美德的重要性,統治者的「適當美德」可能與公民的「美德」有所不同。事實上,馬基維利在《君王論》中尤其著名,他指出,統治者可能需要培養與共同道德不一致的性格,例如冷酷無情。柏拉圖懷疑大多數人是否有能力擁有在政治機構中發揮重要作用所需的道德和智力美德;因此他在《共和國》中不認為民主有利於哲學家國王的統治。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">腐敗,不只限於政客,公民也會腐敗。前述這些歷史上重要的政治哲學家也擔心公民的腐敗:公民美德的腐蝕是政客腐敗的沃土。腐敗公民這個主題,而不是腐敗的領導層或機構,直到最近才在當代關於政治機構腐敗的哲學討論中特別熱門。最近,由於社交媒體上虛假信息、宣傳、陰謀論和仇恨言論的氾濫,政治機構和公民的腐敗沆瀣一氣,已成為哲學家們開始關注的一個重要現象。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">政客利用社群媒體機器人,用來自動產生虛假資訊</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最典型的就是帶風向的所謂「民意調查」</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、傳播意識形態觀點,以及充當虛假帳戶來誇大其他帳戶的關</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">注量並獲得追蹤者。結果是,自由交流的道德權利常常沒有被負責任的行使;尋求和傳播真相而不是謊言的道德義務無法履行,導致大規模的社會、政治傷害,在某些情況下還造成人身傷害。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本土極端主義政治團體的崛起也生動地說明了這個問題,這些團體透過社群媒體傳播假訊息、陰謀論、仇恨言論和宣傳。公民美德無形之中,沉浸在這些假消息的毒染缸之中。政客的腐敗必須靠著毒染缸發酵的蛆蟲得以滋養。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">腐敗是一種高度多元的現象,包括賄賂、裙帶關係、虛假證言、欺騙、濫權等。此外,腐敗在各個機構中表現出不同的形式,導致政治腐敗、金融腐敗、軍警腐敗、學術腐敗等。這些從衙門散發出來的腐氣,這些從政客衣袖抖落下來的腐味,唯一的除臭劑就是每隔四年,最多八年就換掉他。別無他法。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">by / Cheng Chun-hung</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">During Lai's recent speech at Sun Yat-sen University, a female student from the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature asked, "How to solve the endless corruption cases of the Democratic Progressive Party? Lai asked the student in return, "Which specific incident are you referring to? When a granddaughter of a head of state, who is old enough to be the grandfather of a female university student, asks you, "Grandpa, you know smoking is bad, why do you still smoke? Grandpa Lai stares at his granddaughter and says, "You asked me where I smoked." This kind of person is really out of character to be considered as an elder.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">As a matter of fact, it would be more appropriate to say that a political figure who dodges the issue of corruption is out of character, than to say that he is not a good person. In which political circle is there no corruption that people can say anything about? It can even be said that, not to mention other people, which politician does not smell of corruption? Lai Ching-te's remark in response to a question raised by a student smells of corruption, otherwise, how would he have attracted so many chants? The smell of corruption is the base colour of politicians, the soup base of politicians, and it is easy to associate the smell of corruption with the saying "those who eat meat are despicable", which is true! Those who have eaten a lot of meat in the upper echelons of society are all tainted with the flavour of corruption. The smell of corruption. It's just that during election season, people's noses are sharper and they can't stand it.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">"Meat eaters are contemptible" has been around since the beginning of time. Many influential philosophers in history, notably Plato (The Ideal State), Aristotle (Politics), Machiavelli (The Monarchy), Hobbes (Leviathan), and Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws), were concerned about political corruption. For these philosophers, corruption lay in the fact that rulers ruled for their own personal or collective (factional) self-interest rather than for the common good and in accordance with the moral principles of the sanctity of law. They also emphasised the importance of virtue, and that the 'proper virtues' of the ruler might differ from the 'virtues' of the citizens. Indeed, Machiavelli is particularly famous in the Theory of Kings for pointing out that rulers may need to cultivate dispositions that are inconsistent with common morality, such as callousness. Plato doubted the ability of most people to possess the moral and intellectual virtues necessary to play a significant role in political institutions; hence he did not think democracy was conducive to the rule of philosopher-kings in the Republic.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Corruption is not confined to politicians, but also to citizens. These historically important political philosophers also worried about the corruption of citizens: the corruption of civic virtues is a fertile ground for the corruption of politicians. The theme of corrupting citizens, rather than corrupting leadership or institutions, has only recently become particularly popular in contemporary philosophical discussions about the corruption of political institutions. Recently, due to the flood of disinformation, propaganda, conspiracy theories, and hate speech on social media, the complicity of political institutions and the corruption of citizens has become a significant phenomenon that philosophers have begun to focus on.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Politicians use social media robots to automate the generation of false information (most typically in the form of wind-driven so-called 'opinion polls'), to disseminate ideological views, and to act as fake accounts to inflate the attention of other accounts and gain followers. As a result, the moral right to free communication is often not exercised responsibly; the moral obligation to seek and disseminate the truth rather than lies is unfulfilled, resulting in massive social, political and, in some cases, physical harm. This is also vividly illustrated by the rise of homegrown extremist political groups that disseminate disinformation, conspiracy theories, hate speech and propaganda through social media. Civic virtue is invisibly immersed in this toxic vat of disinformation. The corruption of politicians must be nourished by the maggots that fester in the vat.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">Corruption is a highly multifaceted phenomenon that includes bribery, nepotism, false testimony, deception, and abuse of power. Moreover, corruption takes different forms in various organisations, resulting in political corruption, financial corruption, military and police corruption, academic corruption, and so on. The only deodorant for these rotten smells emanating from government offices and shaken off from the sleeves of politicians is to replace them every four years, or at most eight years. There is no other way.</span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-12133728711964618842023-10-14T00:07:00.008+08:002023-10-14T16:28:07.138+08:00【短歌行】這樣的總統,我選他! This is the kind of president I will vote for!<p><span face="新細明體, serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx-o0t9ka83Smnko1H340Z5Fg3S-xawb_Dmt8mA7NliwQ6nt2K_wVl7E_K8k8FMY6P77PpssNWaLn5OILH8Fhv7aiSM1JmSnWJrcOBTUDyMgRO8R4L4WXXupOYL-jurf1OVl3M5MrjraPBVddDUZHg_j_PadCBhktB04Kjj4srgvI40HqNSbvivElX/s810/1697212149945.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="810" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx-o0t9ka83Smnko1H340Z5Fg3S-xawb_Dmt8mA7NliwQ6nt2K_wVl7E_K8k8FMY6P77PpssNWaLn5OILH8Fhv7aiSM1JmSnWJrcOBTUDyMgRO8R4L4WXXupOYL-jurf1OVl3M5MrjraPBVddDUZHg_j_PadCBhktB04Kjj4srgvI40HqNSbvivElX/w501-h341/1697212149945.jpg" width="501" /></a></div><br />文/ 鄭春鴻<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">巴勒斯坦「哈瑪斯」</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日襲擊以色列後,以色列當天開始連續對加薩走廊發動空襲,雙方每天各有死傷。最令人怵目驚心的是</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">成死者是婦孺,加薩空襲死者</span><span lang="EN-US">1/3</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為兒童。</span> <span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以巴地區大家都擔心明天會不會陰陽兩隔,骨肉分離,而台灣的報紙隔一個區塊看到的卻是哪一個黨跟哪一個黨怎麼合,誰當正誰當副?</span>
<span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">沒有一個候選人提到以巴戰事,看來這些政客根本不是知道台灣的老百姓到底在想些什麼。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue;"><strong><span style="font-size: 20px;">(相關報導請看《銳傳媒》<a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e3%80%90%e5%9b%9e%e9%9f%b3%e5%a3%81%e3%80%91%e7%b6%a0%e5%8f%8b%ef%bc%8c%e9%80%99%e6%89%8d%e6%98%af%e6%84%9b%e5%8f%b0%e7%81%a3%e5%95%a6%ef%bc%81/" style="color: blue;"><【回音壁】綠友,這才是愛台灣啦! ></a>)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">辦公室裡大家正在互相打聽總統要選誰,一位同事脫口說:「哪一位總統候選人可以說出,如果他當選,如何在他四年任期內台灣不會捲入戰爭。我就選他!」大家一聽,紛紛表示贊同,因為以巴戰爭新聞中看到這麼多兒童死亡的消息和照片,大家不禁想到自己的孩子和自己的孫子,「其他的政見先不必多言,要選總統的人,都站出來好好地論述,說出具體的辦法,保證未來四年台灣如何不會和中共打起來,誰說的有道理,道理行得通,只要保我們四年平安,我就選他。」沒錯!卑微的台灣人,低下的台灣爸爸媽媽、爺爺奶奶,不敢對未來的總統期待太多,只求兒孫四年保平安,無論使用甚麼賤招,怎麼矇拐騙都行,只要不戰爭,我們就支持他。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">依內政部統計,</span><span lang="EN-US">110 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月底我國兒童</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">未滿</span><span lang="EN-US"> 12 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人口數為</span><span lang="EN-US"> 234.2 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人。兒童的父母估計為</span><span lang="EN-US">400</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人;兒童的爺爺奶奶、外公外婆估計也為</span><span lang="EN-US">400</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人,如果都投給這個保證台灣不戰爭的總統候選人,他就可以得到</span><span lang="EN-US">800</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬票,和蔡英文打破的紀錄</span><span lang="EN-US">817</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬票就十分接近了。也就是總統候選人只要提出這「一個」政見,言之成理,理亦可行,就保證當選了。這麼簡單的道理,檯面上四個候選人都是傻瓜嗎?他們沒想到嗎?為什麼沒有任何一個人好好地在這個政見上說服台灣的選民?因為他們沒有一個人有辦法。更「邪惡地」說,相當程度地,「中國武統台灣」還是政客們拿來消費,拿來騙選票的「芒果乾」,沒有這一味「芒果乾」,他狗嘴裡還真不知道如何吐出象牙來呢!實情正式,沒有一個人能夠拿出方法來讓台灣的爸爸媽媽、爺爺奶奶、外公外婆放心地看著可愛的孩子長大。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">做一個總統,無法保證在四年內,他國家的兒童可以無憂無慮、開開心心、載欣載奔,快快樂樂地上學,平平安安地回家。這是甚麼撈什子總統?這樣的總統是不是每天都要裹著一條遮羞布上班嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> by / Cheng Chun-hung</p><p class="MsoNormal">After the Palestinian "Hamas" attacked Israel on the 7th, Israel started to launch a series of air strikes on Gaza corridor on the same day, with casualties on both sides every day. What is most alarming is that 50% of the dead are women and children, and 1/3 of the dead in the Gaza air raids are children. Everyone in the Israeli-Palestinian region is worried about whether there will be a separation of flesh and blood tomorrow, while Taiwan's newspapers read from one block to the next about which party is going to co-operate with which party, and who is going to be the leader and who is going to be the deputy. None of the candidates mentioned the Israeli-Palestinian war. It seems that these politicians do not know what the people of Taiwan are thinking.</p><p class="MsoNormal">(For related reports, please refer to "Sharp Media" <[Echo Wall] Green friends, this is what love Taiwan is all about! >)</p><p class="MsoNormal">In the office, people were asking each other who the presidential candidate would be, and a colleague said, "Which presidential candidate can tell us how Taiwan will not be involved in a war during his four-year term if he is elected? I will choose him! When we heard this, we all agreed, because when we saw the news and photos of so many children dying in the Israeli-Palestinian war, we couldn't help but think of our own children and grandchildren, "We don't need to talk about other political views, but those who are going to be elected president should come out and talk about it properly, and tell us specific ways to guarantee that in the next four years Taiwan will not be at war with the Chinese Communist Party. As long as we are safe for four years, I will vote for him." That's right! The humble Taiwanese, the lowly Taiwanese mothers and fathers, grandparents and grandmothers, dare not expect too much from the future president, but only want to keep their children and grandchildren safe for the next four years, no matter what cheap tricks they use, no matter how much they are deceived, as long as there is no war, we will support him.</p><p class="MsoNormal">According to the Ministry of the Interior, at the end of February 110, there were 2,342,000 children (under 12 years old) in the country. The parents of the children are estimated to be 4 million; the grandparents of the children are also estimated to be 4 million. If all of them vote for this presidential candidate who guarantees no war in Taiwan, he will get 8 million votes, which is very close to the record broken by TSAI Ing-wen, which is 8.17 million votes. In other words, the presidential candidate only needs to put forward this "one" political view, which is reasonable and feasible, and he is guaranteed to be elected. Are the four candidates under the table all fools? Have they not thought of it? Why haven't any of them done a good job of convincing the voters of Taiwan on this political view? Because none of them has any idea. Even more wickedly, to a certain extent, "China's Armed Reunification of Taiwan" is still a "dried mango" for politicians to consume and cheat votes, without which they really don't know how to spit out the ivory from the mouth of a dog! The truth is official, no one can come up with a way to let Taiwan's mothers and fathers, grandfathers and grandmothers, grandpas and grandpas feel at ease to watch their lovely children grow up.</p><p class="MsoNormal">There is no way for a president to guarantee that in four years, the children of his country will go to school happily and return home in peace, worry-free, happy and joyful. What kind of President is this? Does such a President have to go to work every day wrapped in a cloth of shame?</p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-14308696837108055922023-10-12T20:44:00.007+08:002023-10-12T20:44:35.324+08:00 中國掀起博物館建設熱潮<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTrGYolaYT8AJih-srQCIfY008skuir6qKXvoyLPaQ9fHEFrQXDmKIgB7vi-BNzQgttwSJZ75G8eNbyz8yJc_vId4fcatyzT1CUVFcXk6UVqx7oQ4HbFVjxv3KkEIZpgGTefkWItemgoXkZRRBrQofASAnyxjQKt8zcwLvmO31we8ydwc_XX1GgWPJ/s1071/1697114253631.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="1071" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTrGYolaYT8AJih-srQCIfY008skuir6qKXvoyLPaQ9fHEFrQXDmKIgB7vi-BNzQgttwSJZ75G8eNbyz8yJc_vId4fcatyzT1CUVFcXk6UVqx7oQ4HbFVjxv3KkEIZpgGTefkWItemgoXkZRRBrQofASAnyxjQKt8zcwLvmO31we8ydwc_XX1GgWPJ/w496-h256/1697114253631.jpg" width="496" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雖然在大流行期間封鎖了邊境,但中國開始建造專門用於藝術、聲音、科幻小說等的建築。羅南·奧康奈爾</span><span lang="EN-US">RONAN O</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">’</span><span lang="EN-US">CONNELL</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《國家地理雜誌》</span><span lang="EN-US">(National Geographic) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中國剛剛掀起了一場博物館建設熱潮。這裡有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個最好的</span><span lang="EN-US">>( China just had a museum building spree. Here are 6 of the
best.)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出,中國正處於博物館熱潮之中,自</span><span lang="EN-US">2020</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年以來新建了</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多個文化設施。它們分佈在城市、城鎮甚至山村,以不同的方式展示考古、天文學、科幻和帝國歷史。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博物館是民族復興、現代化和文明的必備指標</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中國正在重新簽發旅遊簽證,返回中國的遊客也會發現這些博物館展示著尖端的建築。有些像巨大的小木屋,有些則模仿地質構造,或被數千塊玻璃「魚鱗」包裹著。學者表示,它們共同代表了中國豐富的資源和宏偉的野心。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「博物館是民族復興、現代化和文明的必備指標,」雪梨大學中國研究教授郭英傑說。「就連縣城也至少有一個。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雪梨大學中國研究中心主任大衛古德曼表示,中國的體積有助於解釋它如何能夠執行如此多的重大計畫。這個國家的土地面積與美國相當,但人口卻是美國的四倍多,達到</span><span lang="EN-US"> 14 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">億。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「誠然,大多數國家不會每年建造一個新的大型博物館,」他說。「</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但是</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中華人民共和國目前有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 32 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個省級行政區,每個行政區在人口、土地面積、語言和文化多樣性方面都可與世界其他國家相媲美。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同時,康乃爾大學城市規劃教授托馬斯·坎帕內拉</span><span lang="EN-US">(Thomas Campanella)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示,引人注目的建築使許多中國博物館成為「獎盃建築」。「當代中國城市主義的標誌之一是強調令人眼花繚亂的城市或機構建築作品,通常是由世界著名的建築師設計的,」他解釋道。「</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">它們</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">旨在表明市政當局的到來和地位,就像拿著普拉達包或勞力士手錶到處閒逛的暴發戶一樣。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以下是中國六座最重要的新博物館。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">上海天文博物館</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從上方看去,彷彿一隻巨大的金屬牡蠣被剝殼,露出一顆閃閃發光的珍珠。這座擁有令人驚嘆的宇宙景觀的前衛建築是上海天文博物館的所在地。它於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2021 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年投入使用,據稱是世界上最大的天文館建築,佔地超過</span><span lang="EN-US"> 630,000 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平方英尺。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2021 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"> 7 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"> 17 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,中國上海,上海天文博物館開幕當天,有遊客戴著</span><span lang="EN-US"> VR </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">耳機體驗月球漫步。</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在其三個主要畫廊(</span><span lang="EN-US">Home</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Universe </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US"> Journey</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)中,參觀者可以看到</span><span lang="EN-US"> 70 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">顆隕石、</span><span lang="EN-US">150 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個互動展品以及</span><span lang="EN-US"> 100 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多件與伽利略等受人尊敬的天文學家有關的文物。他們還可以在帶有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 8K </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">螢幕的巨大球幕影院中觀看星系的高清鏡頭。世界上最強大的望遠鏡正在改寫空間和時間的故事。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">廣州藝術博物館</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">廣州藝術博物館由</span><span lang="EN-US"> 21,008 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">塊「魚鱗」玻璃覆蓋,模仿盛開的英雄花,擁有五層樓高的中庭,毫不掩飾其奢華。據報道,今年在廣州塔附近開業時,它將成為中國第五大城市(人口</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1800 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬)的地標。七層展品展示了從古代到當代的中國畫、水彩、書法、雕塑、插圖、漫畫、漆器和攝影。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">北京聲音藝術館</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">十年來,當地藝術家科林·錢納利(</span><span lang="EN-US">Colin Chinnery</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)經常走在中國首都的街道上,捕捉這座現代化大都市逐漸消失的噪音。現在,北京聲音藝術博物館收錄了他的數百張錄音,記錄了北京不斷變化的音景——從傳統街頭小販的喧鬧叫聲到公園裡刺耳的鴿子哨聲。今年</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月開業,位於北京東郊通州宋莊藝術區。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">成都科幻博物館</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本月,世界上最大的科幻小說大會</span><span lang="EN-US">Worldcon</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">預計將成為由</span><span lang="EN-US">Zaha Hadid</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">設計的博物館舉辦的首個重大活動。正如它的主題一樣,這個即將開放的設施可能會被誤認為是未來太空站。建築師解釋說,其屋頂的設計是為了模仿「中心有一顆恆星的膨脹星雲」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這座佔地約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 635,000 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平方英尺的博物館位於郫都區科創新城內的景蓉湖畔,詮釋了成都作為全國科幻小說創作中心的地位。</span><span lang="EN-US">1979</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,中國最受歡迎的科幻雜誌《科幻世界》</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">就是在這座山城裡創刊的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博物館的劇院和大廳將舉辦數十場講座,包括有關中國神話如何塑造科幻故事的講座。世界科幻大會自</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1946 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年以來每年舉辦一次,但首次在中國舉辦,數千名參觀者還可以參加董仁外等中國科幻傳奇人物的簽名會。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隋唐大運河文化博物館</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這座博物館位於河南省洛陽市的洛河和西安河畔,頂部有一個類似於一排竹枝片的黃色屋頂,慶祝世界上最偉大的工程壯舉之一。大約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2,500 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年前,中國建立了從北京南至杭州綿延</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1,100 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">英里的龐大水道網絡。它被稱為大運河,連接著主要的華人社區。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博物館內展出了從運河中打撈出來的沉船,以及描繪古洛陽繁忙的運河活動的壁畫。互動展覽向遊客介紹這些被聯合國教科文組織列為世界遺產的水道的歷史和設計。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">曹操陵博物館</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">曹操陵博物館位於中國安陽市,圍繞著中國最兇猛的軍閥之一的陵墓而建。博物館展出墓園出土文物</span><span lang="EN-US">400</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">餘件,包括石匾、石碑、陶鼎等。曹操是一位軍閥詩人,死後被追封為皇帝,在中國血腥混亂的時代,率領百萬大軍。現在,圍繞著曹操將軍墓而建的博物館正在向遊客講述曹操將軍</span><span lang="EN-US">1800 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年前的故事,該墓最近在安陽市附近被挖掘出來。這座位於西高學村的建築群以高聳的曹操馬背雕像為基礎,展出約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 400 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">件石碑、牌匾和陶瓷等文物,全部是從曹操陵墓中出土的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-32569672050367795222023-10-12T19:55:00.005+08:002023-10-12T19:55:33.219+08:00 每天一顆阿斯匹靈弊大於利<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD6AdE7JQpzHyBeUu66kCs5YTCYiYWnNs3TujIxfEd5nIj21zSdqzuoMsYWskEXjgbjOwBjvbaPDjKaV1w6u9pmrbw4oSlXG1cVdY51_D6j0-ZJabOie6aGlFxkVaH6b8aNIuch2aJLa4_EJn3d2OdnueoXgBQvB7V6NoDs-Wme97x-tmZjVSCRFLQ/s659/1697111270746.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="659" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD6AdE7JQpzHyBeUu66kCs5YTCYiYWnNs3TujIxfEd5nIj21zSdqzuoMsYWskEXjgbjOwBjvbaPDjKaV1w6u9pmrbw4oSlXG1cVdY51_D6j0-ZJabOie6aGlFxkVaH6b8aNIuch2aJLa4_EJn3d2OdnueoXgBQvB7V6NoDs-Wme97x-tmZjVSCRFLQ/w458-h386/1697111270746.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">數百萬人每天服用阿斯匹靈來預防心臟病或中風。但對某些人來說,服用這種藥物可能有風險。儘管醫生長期以來一直開出每日低劑量的阿斯匹靈來預防心臟病或中風,但不再建議所有成年人使用該療法,因為新的證據揭示了它可能帶來的一些風險。娜塔莉亞·梅薩</span><span lang="EN-US">NATALIA MESA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《國家地理雜誌》</span><span lang="EN-US">(National Geographic) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">每天一顆阿斯匹靈弊大於利</span><span lang="EN-US">>(An aspirin a day may do more harm than good)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出,「光是在美國,</span><span lang="EN-US">40 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲以上的人中就有五分之一每天服用阿斯匹靈。最近的研究表明,對於其中一些人來說,風險大於收益。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(In the U.S. alone, one in five people over the age of 40 take a
daily aspirin. Recent studies show that for some of them, the risks outweigh
the benefits.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對於</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">60 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">69 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲的人來說,其風險可能大於其益處</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">幾十年來,醫生一直為有心臟和血管疾病病史的患者開立阿斯匹靈,這是全世界最常見的死因。醫生也定期給沒有心血管疾病的患者開每日劑量的阿斯匹靈——這一做法直到最近才得到美國預防服務工作組的認可,該工作組是一個提出預防藥物建議的獨立專家小組。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;">(</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e6%b8%9b%e8%82%a5%e8%97%a5%e9%82%84%e5%8f%af%e4%bb%a5%e9%99%8d%e4%bd%8e%e5%bf%83%e8%87%9f%e7%97%85%e7%99%bc%e4%bd%9c/"><span style="color: red;"><</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">減肥藥還可以降低心臟病發作</span></span><span style="color: red;">
></span></a>) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿斯匹靈仍然是預防第二次心臟病發作的重要防線。但去年,美國預防服務工作小組改變了其建議,因為兩項大型臨床研究表明,作為一種預防措施,阿斯匹靈對於</span><span lang="EN-US">60 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至</span><span lang="EN-US">69 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲的人來說,其風險可能大於其益處,即使他們患疾病的風險更高。心臟病發作或中風。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">面臨更大的大腦和腸道出血風險</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管如此,仍有數百萬人繼續使用這種藥物。光是在美國,</span><span lang="EN-US">2019 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的一項研究發現,</span><span lang="EN-US">40 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲以上的人中約有五分之一每天服用阿斯匹靈。許多人在沒有醫生建議的情況下開始服用這種藥物,專家警告說,這可能會使他們面臨更大的大腦和腸道出血風險。同時,數百萬確實需要它的人卻沒有接受它。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">那麼,您如何整理所有這些不斷變化的指導方針呢?這是專家的說法。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿斯匹靈如何預防心臟病發作?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1900 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代初期,心臟科醫生勞倫斯·克雷文</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Lawrence Craven) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">注意到,服用阿斯匹靈的患者心臟病發作次數較少。從那時起,多項臨床研究表明,每天服用阿斯匹靈可以預防心臟病發作。</span><span lang="EN-US">1989 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年一項具有里程碑意義的研究對超過</span><span lang="EN-US"> 22,000 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名沒有心臟病或中風病史的醫生進行了研究,結果顯示服用阿斯匹靈的參與者心臟病發作率降低了</span><span lang="EN-US"> 44%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿斯匹靈,正式名稱為乙醯水楊酸,可防止血小板細胞聚集形成凝塊。在患有心臟病的患者中,血小板會異常聚集,切斷組織的氧氣並導致心臟病發作或中風。阿斯匹靈透過降低稱為血小板的凝塊形成細胞的黏性來有效稀釋血液。這是因為藥物會阻斷一種稱為環氧合酶的酶,這種酶位於血小板表面,阻止其啟動稱為前列腺素的激素樣分子的產生,前列腺素負責告訴血小板在受傷時聚集在一起。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,阿斯匹靈的血液稀釋特性也使其使用者更容易出現嚴重出血。專家一致認為,有出血風險的患者不應服用該藥,且隨著患者年齡的增長,出血風險也會增加。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為什麼每日服用阿斯匹靈並非對所有人都有好處?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 40 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至</span><span lang="EN-US"> 59 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲的人群,美國預防服務工作小組建議心臟病發作風險較高的任何人與醫生合作,評估開始每日服用阿斯匹靈的風險和益處。但</span><span lang="EN-US"> 60 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲以後,專家小組建議患者不要</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">服用阿斯匹靈作為主要預防措施。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「這是對沒有心血管疾病證據的人開始服用阿斯匹靈的建議,」哈佛醫學院醫學教授兼美國預防服務工作組主席邁克爾·巴里強調。「建議患有心臟病或中風的人服用該藥。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">兩項大型研究表明,該藥物雖然降低了心臟病發作或中風的風險,但也增加了患者發生腦出血和腸道出血等重大出血事件的風險,該工作組於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2022 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年更改了建議。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些風險基本上抵消了該藥物對</span><span lang="EN-US"> 60 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲及以上人群的潛在益處,因為他們比年輕群體面臨更高的危及生命的出血風險。然而,該藥物對於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 40 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至</span><span lang="EN-US"> 59 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲年齡組的淨收益仍然很小。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">您如何權衡風險和效益?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但權衡風險和收益並不總是那麼簡單。史丹佛大學醫學院教授</span><span lang="EN-US"> Randall Stafford </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示,「肯定會有一個介於兩者之間的群體,其中的模糊性更大。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他說,對於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 60 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲以上未曾患過中風或心臟病但未來發生中風或心臟病風險較高的人來說,「可能有一些人應該服用阿斯匹靈。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">需要更多的研究來確定這個群體中到底有哪些人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些新研究也反駁了幾十年來的證據,這些證據表明阿斯匹靈對</span><span lang="EN-US">60 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲以上的成年人有淨益處。德州心臟研究所所長、貝勒醫學院醫學教授愛德華多·埃爾南德斯</span><span lang="EN-US">(Eduardo Hernandez) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示,這可能是因為其他預防措施現在已經不再有效。提供與每日阿斯匹靈相同的益處。越來越多的患者使用他汀類藥物等降血壓藥物,以及治療糖尿病的藥物。埃爾南德斯說,這兩種藥物都「取得了長足的進步」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">還有阿斯匹靈和大腸直腸癌之間的模糊關係。雖然阿斯匹靈被發現可以預防大腸癌,但一些研究也</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">顯示該藥物可能會增加其他癌症的風險。這意味著醫生通常只為患有結腸癌風險極高的人開立這種藥物。「這是一個有爭議的領域,我們最近的建議沒有解決這個問題,」巴里說。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><b style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">那我現在該怎麼辦?</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美國預防服務工作小組的建議並未涉及停止服用低劑量阿斯匹靈的患者。巴里強調,想要戒掉阿斯匹靈的患者應該諮詢他們的醫生:「如果人們想重新評估阿斯匹靈對他們的好處和危害,他們應該諮詢他們的醫生。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一方面,專家表示,一些有心血管疾病史的人可能會考慮與醫生討論開始服用阿斯匹靈。最近的研究表明,在美國等高收入國家,大約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 35% </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原本可以從服用阿斯匹靈中獲益的人卻沒有這樣做。「我們對該人群沒有持續的護理,」斯塔福德解釋道。「有些人正在從裂縫中溜走。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">埃爾南德斯說,最終,「生活方式的改變會對患者的治療結果產生非常大的影響。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他強調,那些希望預防心臟病的人應該健康飲食並定期運動。「這與阿斯匹靈療法一樣有價值,甚至更有價值。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-22954557712619872552023-10-11T21:35:00.010+08:002023-10-11T21:36:18.301+08:00 一個地球、一個家庭、一個未來<p><span face="新細明體, serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNtGyRoeflOfOSYtGJPr0bfJZsGLzBUeZ0CvqoOv4hnn4yAzv6YRMAtOhWeYCG_vALiW7HYrVY-Ys7obI-8DRvekGx4tQBDDyYONh_pmkILztEdzAZytLy158MMpXQ4rGdpPeRvRFRmXgSgYm3rcUjQp_1MVR4vZG3pE5ZABUBFalcFn1ffHzONMVG/s904/1697030547209.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="904" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNtGyRoeflOfOSYtGJPr0bfJZsGLzBUeZ0CvqoOv4hnn4yAzv6YRMAtOhWeYCG_vALiW7HYrVY-Ys7obI-8DRvekGx4tQBDDyYONh_pmkILztEdzAZytLy158MMpXQ4rGdpPeRvRFRmXgSgYm3rcUjQp_1MVR4vZG3pE5ZABUBFalcFn1ffHzONMVG/w463-h304/1697030547209.jpg" width="463" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span face="新細明體, serif">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雖然解決健康不平等問題需要多管齊下,但利用科技向更多母親和兒童提供基本資訊和服務的潛力尚未開發。數位科技正迅速成為醫療保健服務的支柱,提供必要的干預措施並加強衛生系統。在資源匱乏和緊急情況下,它們是大規模提供護理(從非傳染性疾病篩檢到疾病監測和產前護理)的重要工具。卡琳‧凱蘭德博士</span><span lang="EN-US">Dr. Karin Källande</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《地緣政治》</span><span lang="EN-US">(The Geopolitics) </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">融合與協作是數位醫療未來的關鍵——印度向我們展示瞭如何做到這一點</span><span lang="EN-US">>( Convergence and Collaboration Key to Future of Digital Health
– India Shows Us How) </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">作者卡琳‧凱蘭德博士是聯合國兒童基金會數位健康與資訊系統的全球健康領導者。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e3%80%90%e5%b0%88%e6%ac%84%e3%80%91%e5%8d%b0%e5%ba%a6%e5%8f%af%e6%9c%9b%e5%8f%96%e4%bb%a3%e4%b8%ad%e5%9c%8b%e6%88%90%e7%82%ba%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e5%8d%97%e6%96%b9%e6%96%b0%e9%a0%98%e8%a2%96/"><<span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">印度可望取代中國成為全球南方新領袖</span></span> ></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">數位健康解決方案</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">過去</span><span lang="EN-US"> 30 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年來,兒童健康和全民健康覆蓋率顯著改善,兒童死亡率下降了</span><span lang="EN-US"> 59%</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。改善初級衛生保健、營養、經濟發展以及獲得有針對性的公共衛生幹預措施以減少瘧疾、腹瀉和肺炎等傳染病,都為這項成功做出了貢獻。然而,在兒童和孕產婦健康指標方面仍然存在巨大的公平差距,導致可預防的死亡和長期貧困。解決不平等問題對於實現全民健康覆蓋和改善所有兒童和母親的健康至關重要。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印度在促進全民健康覆蓋(</span><span lang="EN-US">UHC</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)數位健康方面發揮主導作用。擬議的由世衛組織牽頭的全球數位衛生倡議(</span><span lang="EN-US">GIDH</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)是值得歡迎的一步,它將有助於協調各國的優先事項和需求,並提供協調一致的支持,並確保所有國家都能獲得開發和實施可持續和安全的工具和技能。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一個地球、一個家庭、一個未來</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">GIDH </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與印度擔任</span><span lang="EN-US"> G20 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主席國的主題「一個地球、一個家庭、一個未來」的訊息產生共鳴。該倡議旨在鞏固和擴大全球數位健康領域近期和過去的成果,同時加強相互問責,透過解決重複工作、缺乏標準和「以產品為中心」的數位健康轉型等挑戰,增強未來投資的影響。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">COVID-19 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大流行表明數位技術對於提供醫療保健至關重要。然而,在危機期間部署這些解決方案可能具有挑戰性。它需要不同利害關係人之間的協調與協作、存取大量資料、安全性以及遵守法規。當</span><span lang="EN-US"> COVID-19 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">來襲時,許多國家甚至還沒有準備好最基本的數位醫療基礎設施。由於有利環境薄弱</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">,各國往往</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在沒有必要基礎的情況下試圖實施複雜的舉措,加劇了這種情況。實施的解決方案通常是短暫的、垂直的、重複的,並且無法與現有的衛生資訊系統交換資料。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現在是時候反思如何改善協作和協調,以優化資源並最大限度地發揮衛生系統數位轉型的好處。融合與協作對於數位</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">醫療的未來至關重要。透過將不同部門的利害關係人聚集在一起,我們可以識別並優先考慮數位健康挑戰和機會。這將有助於我們將資源和努力集中在最緊迫的問題上,分享資源和專業知識,並制定聯合行動計劃。透過使用可互通的基於標準的解決方案促進整合,我們可以減輕網路威脅和分散的資料孤島的危害。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">透過數位化擴大醫療保健的覆蓋範圍</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聯合國兒童基金會親眼目睹了數位平台在擴大印度衛生服務覆蓋範圍方面的力量,不僅針對新冠肺炎</span><span lang="EN-US"> (COVID-19)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,也針對孕產婦和兒童健康。政府開創了國家數位健康生態系統,將所有公共衛生資訊數位化,並確保數位工具的整合,以結合並最大限度地發揮影響力。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印度總理莫迪</span><span lang="EN-US">(Narendra Modi) </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">2020 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年印度第</span><span lang="EN-US">74 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個獨立日宣布了國家數位衛生使命,或後來命名的阿尤斯曼巴拉特數字使命</span><span lang="EN-US">(ABDM)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US">ABDM </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與國家衛生政策和目的一致,國家數位健康藍圖旨在創建國家數位健康基礎設施,為該國所有公民提供全民健康覆蓋。根據該任務,每個印度人都將獲得一個健康</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,用於儲存他們的醫療記錄。</span><span lang="EN-US">ABDM</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是一項大膽而雄心勃勃的舉措,有潛力透過提高衛生服務的品質、效率和可及性來改變印度的衛生系統。</span><span lang="EN-US">ABDM _</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">仍處於初始階段,但這可能是印度政府為該國健康數位轉型所做的最重要的投資之一。使用標準和架構驅動的藍圖,以及唯一</span><span lang="EN-US"> ID </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等數位公共基礎設施,創建了一個環境,</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">可以在此基礎上建立其他舉措,例如支持婦女和兒童健康需求的生殖和兒童健康入口網站。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印度的</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">CoWIN</span></b><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:協調與協作的典範</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印度的</span><span lang="EN-US"> COVID-19 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">疫苗接種活動是全球規模最大的,已接種超過</span><span lang="EN-US"> 22 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">億劑疫苗。印度政府反應的敏捷性和速度得益於</span><span lang="EN-US"> CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平台,該平台是該計畫的數位骨幹網路。幾週之內,印度政府交付了一個平台,其中包含製造商到疫苗接種過程每個步驟的端到端工作流程。這需要與眾多利害關係人建立共識和協調,同時員工也適應物理距離和遠距工作的新現實。</span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印度政府在</span><span lang="EN-US"> COVID-19 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">疫苗推出期間在設計和部署</span><span lang="EN-US"> CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平台方面的協調堪稱典範,給全球數位健康界留下了深刻的印象。</span><span lang="EN-US">CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在印度疫苗接種活動的成功中發揮了重要作用,並有潛力成為印度和世界的寶貴數位公共產品。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">幫助</span><span lang="EN-US"> CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">成功的一些關鍵因素包括強大的領導力、協作、準備、互通性和敏捷性。印度政府透過成立國家</span><span lang="EN-US"> COVID-19 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">疫苗管理專家小組提供了強有力的政治意願和領導力,該小組指導了印度疫苗引進的各個方面。該小組與</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個國家部會、</span><span lang="EN-US">23</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個州和地區級部門以及眾多發展夥伴有效建立了高層協調。這為團結一致、協調一致的努力奠定了基礎。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">短時間內開發和部署複雜的數位平台</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印度政府在設計和部署</span><span lang="EN-US">CoWIN</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">方面的成功協調為其他國家樹立了榜樣。它表明可以在短時間內開發和部署複雜的數位平台,並且可以與廣泛的利益相關者進行有效協調,包括</span><span lang="EN-US"> IT</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(資訊技術)公司和企業等私人利益相關者。電信提供者。對於其他尋求擴大疫苗接種計畫的國家來說,這是一個典範。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的成功建立在印度政府現有的疾病監測和監測能力以及管理整個疫苗供應鏈的技術、人員和流程的基礎上。由於現有的數位健康藍圖和數位公共基礎設施,政府可以利用現有的開源技術快速開發</span><span lang="EN-US">CoWIN</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。其中包括電子疫苗情報網路</span><span lang="EN-US"> (eVIN)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、疫苗接種開放認證數位基礎設施</span><span lang="EN-US"> (DIVOC)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">DigiLocker </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以及疫苗接種後事件監測和行動</span><span lang="EN-US"> (SAFE-VAC)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。因此,</span><span lang="EN-US">CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是一個開源、模組化、可互通的多語言應用生態系統,可作為疫苗接種登記、預約安排、身份驗證、疫苗接種和認證的一站式服務。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平台是印度政府敏捷性的獨特例子。透過運行並行流程來開發平台並準備實施,可以實現快速部署。他們創建了醫護人員和第一線工作人員的資料庫,為疫苗接種中心配備了冷藏設施和數位追蹤設備,並對工作人員進行如何使用該平台的培訓。</span><span lang="EN-US">CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平台的設計具有適應性,因此政府能夠快速解決出現的任何技術問題。他們還邀請第三方應用程式開發人員將他們的</span><span lang="EN-US">API</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(應用程式介面)與平台集成,這使得這些應用程式能夠提供各種增值服務,例如預約。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">全球數位醫療倡議旨在擴大印度的數位醫療努力</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印度在加速數位醫療融合和公平轉型方面處於領先地位。對</span><span lang="EN-US"> ABDM </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的投資和該國的</span><span lang="EN-US"> CoWIN </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">部署是強有力的領導力、協作和雄心壯志如何能夠建立強大的醫療保健數位生態系統的典型例子。透過更廣泛的平台不可知論投資,政府現在可以擴展</span><span lang="EN-US">CoWIN</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,將全民免疫計劃納入其中,並將其與</span><span lang="EN-US">ABDM </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的構建模組連接起來,</span><span lang="EN-US">ABDM </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">旨在將所有與健康相關的數位幹預措施整合到一個數位保護傘下。最近啟動的全球數位健康倡議(</span><span lang="EN-US">GIDH</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)將透過促進開源數位公共產品的轉讓、鼓勵各國採用可互通的標準來進一步擴大這些努力,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聯合國兒童基金會相信,每個捐助者和合作夥伴都必須攜手合作,支持各國改變其衛生格局並實現公平的取得機會。讓我們從印度觀察到的成功和挑戰中汲取經驗,共同支持全球數位健康投資原則,以改善全球範圍內的醫療保健服務,降低成本並提高護理品質。讓我們整合我們的創新數位醫療保健解決方案,為所有人建立更健康的未來。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-39007510750866757552023-10-10T17:40:00.005+08:002023-10-10T17:40:26.496+08:00 高爾丁為性別薪資差距進行一個世紀的鬥爭<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj3r3o547cBqrZH5VSPXKKo0PS_kOhmZcfDYpvQVBO3wcNP6bJ1SN7K_e_UJfnQAEsB6_eEupBXdXiSCfjrS1gSsaqmq2zanhRWQXD70kos1uH9rASoZdP9TL0Mseb45JZMFixJes3ERv4H7fjHS4VuG885ltukObAnqGv89yvSYqFVmzPlr8ce9s2/s955/1696930249970.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="955" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj3r3o547cBqrZH5VSPXKKo0PS_kOhmZcfDYpvQVBO3wcNP6bJ1SN7K_e_UJfnQAEsB6_eEupBXdXiSCfjrS1gSsaqmq2zanhRWQXD70kos1uH9rASoZdP9TL0Mseb45JZMFixJes3ERv4H7fjHS4VuG885ltukObAnqGv89yvSYqFVmzPlr8ce9s2/w451-h269/1696930249970.jpg" width="451" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">諾貝爾委員會宣布</span><span lang="EN-US">2023</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年諾貝爾經濟學獎得主,由美國哈佛大學學者克勞迪婭·高爾丁(</span><span lang="EN-US">Claudia Goldin</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)獲得殊榮。瑞典皇家科學院(</span><span lang="EN-US">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)讚揚高爾丁「深化我們對婦女勞動市場結果的瞭解」,肯定她促進女性勞動市場成果的理解,且首次全面性描述了幾個世紀以來女性的收入和勞動市場的參與情況。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">高爾丁是一位知名的經濟學家,她對於性別薪資差距的研究具有重要影響力。</span><span lang="EN-US">Goldin </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的研究主要關注職業和教育對於性別薪資差距的影響,為縮小性別薪資差距,克勞迪婭·高爾丁進行的長達一個世紀的鬥爭</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e3%80%90%e5%b0%88%e6%96%87%e3%80%91%e6%80%a7%e5%88%a5%e7%9a%84%e8%96%aa%e8%b3%87%e5%b7%ae%e8%b7%9d%e2%94%80%e6%b7%ba%e4%bb%8b%e8%ab%be%e8%b2%9d%e7%88%be%e5%be%97%e4%b8%bb%e9%ab%98%e7%88%be%e4%b8%81/"><<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">性別的薪資差距─淺介諾貝爾得主高爾丁的經濟思想</span></span> ></a>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根據美國勞工部的數據,男性每賺</span><span lang="EN-US">1 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美元,女性只能賺</span><span lang="EN-US">82 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美分。有色人種女性的差距更大。黑人女性的工資是非西班牙裔女性的</span><span lang="EN-US">63 % </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US">2019 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年白人男性的薪資水平。黑人女性需要</span><span lang="EN-US">19 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個月才能賺到白人男性平均</span><span lang="EN-US">12 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個月賺到的錢。克勞迪婭·高爾丁在她的新書《職業與家庭》中追溯了女性關閉性別的歷程工資差距,凸顯了當今持續不斷的爭取平等的鬥爭。一百年前,擁有大學學位的女性要麼擁有事業,要麼擁有家庭,很少兩者兼而有之。如今,渴望工作和渴望職業生涯的女性畢業生比以往任何時候都多。高爾丁展示了幾代女性如何應對平衡工作和家庭的問題。高爾丁透過大量數據(包括就業調查、人口普查記錄等)指出,即使在今天,雙職工夫婦之間的平等仍然遙不可及。”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">她強調了以下幾個重要觀點:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">職業選擇:</span><span lang="EN-US">Goldin </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提出,性別薪資差距的一部分可以歸因於男女在不同職業中的選擇。她認為,女性通常更傾向於選擇靈活度較高但薪資較低的職業,而男性則更傾向於選擇高薪資但較少靈活的職業。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">教育:</span><span lang="EN-US">Goldin </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">強調教育對性別薪資差距的重要性。她的研究表明,女性獲得更高程度的教育可以有助於縮小薪資差距,特別是當她們進入高薪資職業時。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">工時和靈活度:</span><span lang="EN-US">Goldin </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">強調了工時和工作靈活度對性別薪資差距的影響。她的研究指出,女性通常更重視工作靈活度,而男性更傾向於追求高薪資但要求更多工時的職業。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">總之,</span><span lang="EN-US">Claudia Goldin </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的研究為我們理解性別薪資差距提供了重要的觀點,強調了教育、職業選擇和工時靈活度等因素在這一問題中的作用。她的工作對於促進。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以下是</span><span lang="EN-US">Claudia Goldin</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的重要著作</span><span lang="EN-US">:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">《經濟中的性別》</span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">(Gender in the Economy)</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">婦女在發展中國家和已開發國家的經濟中發揮多樣化且關鍵的作用。然而,由於無法充分獲得正規金融服務、工作和就業機會,她們往往仍然嚴重受限於充分發揮個人和經濟潛力。和教育、剝奪權力的社會規範以及性別偏見的法律和機構。經濟學家之間描述這些各種限制並評估消除這些限制的干預措施的研究往往被孤立在經濟學的不同子領域。該工作小組以由比爾和梅琳達·蓋茨基金會資助的性別與經濟研究小組為明確錨定這些主題的研究討論提供了場所。它匯集了來自不同經濟學領域研究這些主題的研究人員,分享和討論當前的研究成果。”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《教育與科技的競賽》</span></b><span lang="EN-US">(The Race between Education and Technology)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本書對二十世紀美國教育程度和工資結構的共同演化進行了仔細的歷史分析。作者提出,二十世紀不僅是美國世紀,也是人力資本世紀。也就是說,美國的教育體系使美國成為世界上最富有的國家。它的教育體系一直不如大多數歐洲國家那麼菁英。到</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1900 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,美國開始在中學教育大眾,而不僅僅是在</span><span lang="EN-US"> 19 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀取得巨大成功的小學。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本書認為,科技變革、教育和不平等都與某種種族有關。在二十世紀前八十年,受過教育的工人的成長高於對他們的需求。這增加了大多數人的收入並減少了不平等。然而,自</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1980 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年左右以來,情況恰恰相反。教育放緩伴隨著不平等的加劇。作者討論了造成這種情況的複雜原因,以及可以採取哪些措施來改善這種情況。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>《腐敗與改革:美國經濟史的教訓》</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><b>Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's Economic History</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管最近發生了企業醜聞,美國仍是世界上腐敗程度最低的國家之一。但在十九世紀,美國的詐欺和腐敗程度已接近當今最腐敗的發展中國家,因為市政府和強盜大亨都找到了新的方法來竊取納稅人的錢並欺騙投資者。在《腐敗與改革》一書中,撰稿人探討了美國歷史上這段陰暗的時期,以尋找當今世界範圍內打擊腐敗的更好方法。本書的撰稿人討論了欺詐和腐敗的衡量和後果,以及最終導致其在美國衰落的力量。他們表明,各種減少腐敗的方法都取得了成功,例如放鬆管制,特別是</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1830 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代的「自由銀行業」。</span><span lang="EN-US">1930 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代,當新的聯邦官僚機構取代地方政府發放救濟時,腐敗得到了遏制。腐敗的另一個威懾因素是獨立媒體,它對政府和企業保持警惕。本書中分析的美國歷史的這些和其他方面使其成為當今對腐敗感興趣的任何人不可或缺的背景。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-1565029784345367012023-10-09T09:59:00.005+08:002023-10-09T09:59:31.134+08:00 放射科醫師會被人工智慧取代嗎?<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwaAz5LMwzuE_ACUv15G_AnorWQfvh2i34csM3r50v8veZVLAz4CNBmr0EkJ_PQs-fGQ9S2JS4JmXO0B8QmOHbA97YCiF8gh266yzxppIAW6_YwWS4eGiByNLAN-ZhYQ7MRvisuQtYndj0VhhwX8bJnP0ZPXRciEjZy28dMefy-pJDOkX85bLpiiBY/s916/1696816373711.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="916" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwaAz5LMwzuE_ACUv15G_AnorWQfvh2i34csM3r50v8veZVLAz4CNBmr0EkJ_PQs-fGQ9S2JS4JmXO0B8QmOHbA97YCiF8gh266yzxppIAW6_YwWS4eGiByNLAN-ZhYQ7MRvisuQtYndj0VhhwX8bJnP0ZPXRciEjZy28dMefy-pJDOkX85bLpiiBY/w495-h300/1696816373711.jpg" width="495" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">ChatGPT </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是一種經過大型語言模型訓練的人工智慧</span><span lang="EN-US"> (AI) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聊天機器人,其壯舉包括以艾米麗·勃朗特</span><span lang="EN-US">
(Emily Brontë) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的文學風格生成放射學報告,它復興了人工智慧的反烏托邦。放射科醫師已經習慣了<a name="_Hlk147737269">人工智慧</a>介導的「滅絕預言」。深度學習之父</span><span lang="EN-US"> Geoffrey
Hinton </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">曾建議不要訓練放射科醫師,因為他相信人工智慧很快就會取代他們。辛頓預言七年後,放射科醫師的短缺遠未消失。要了解以人工智慧為基礎的醫學影像診斷的採用軌跡,了解放射科的結構和放射科醫師面臨的激勵因素非常重要。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《美國醫學會雜誌》</span><span lang="EN-US">(JAMA) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">演算法即將到來——放射學的人工智慧採用困境</span><span lang="EN-US">>(Algorithms at the Gate—Radiology’s AI Adoption Dilemma)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對於人工智慧如何和<a name="_Hlk147737196">放射科醫師</a>合作,以及未來人工智慧技術是否會取代大多數放射科醫師的工作,做出詳細的分析。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">放射學中的人工智慧和生產力</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不同的利害關係人對人工智慧的價值有不同的看法。吸引醫院高層的人工智慧供應商提出了人工智慧的商業案例:投資回報,這總是創造收入。業界將人工智慧作為一種提高生產力的工具來銷售,這對於放射科醫師、人工智慧的最終用戶來說尤其沒有吸引力,因為他們已經對成像量束手無策。然而,由於報銷結構的原因,生產力是放射學的命脈。放射科醫師根據閱讀的研究數量進行評判和獎勵。他們陷入了生產力的泥淖:生產力支撐著他們,生產力卻困擾著他們。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三種趨勢共同塑造了放射學。由於更快的整合讀取系統,放射科醫師變得更有效率。他們觀看更多影像,主要來自薄層電腦斷層掃描。每項研究的報銷也有所下降。人工智慧提高生產力的承諾可能會讓放射科醫師陷入生產力泥淖。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">借助人工智慧的效率提升,放射科醫師可以在相同的時間內閱讀更多的研究,或在更短的時間內閱讀相同數量的研究。對於後者,人工智慧理論上可以帶來更愉快的工作體驗。實際上這不太可能。儘管生產力壓力和倦怠之間的關聯似乎很明顯,但邊際收益(例如提前一小時完成工作)能否讓放射科醫師精神煥發還遠未確定。相反,效率的提高可能會擴大較小勞動力的主導地位:較少的放射科醫師工作效率更高,但同樣強度,並且同樣容易倦怠。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人工智慧作為診斷助手</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人工智慧可以成為放射科醫師的助手,指出他們可能錯過的細微發現,例如小的肺栓塞。減少錯誤是人工智慧使用的一個令人信服的案例。然而,放射科醫師可能會持懷疑態度,因為他們意識到受試者工作特徵(</span><span lang="EN-US">ROC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)曲線的頑固性,敏感度的提高往往會損害特異性。中華民國沒有免費的午餐。假陽性結果分散了放射科醫師對真陽性結果的注意力,讓患者承受不必要的干預,從而讓他們不知所措。此外,敏感技術可能會過度診斷病理(即發現臨床上不相關的疾病)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">用於讀取乳房</span><span lang="EN-US">X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">光照片的電腦輔助檢測具有指導意義。為了變得更加敏感並“永遠不會錯過癌症”,它失去了特異性,變成了眾所周知的“狼來了”的男孩。人工智慧的廣泛採用可能會改變放射科醫師解釋影像的方式。缺乏經驗的放射科醫師尤其可能無法忽視人工智慧,屈服於大量假陽性結果。</span><span lang="EN-US">6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人工智慧是否會增強放射科醫師的表現,或者放射科醫師是否會退化到人工智慧的水平仍然是一個推測。不容推測的是,人工智慧和放射科醫師互相檢查工作的額外一雙眼睛可能不會減少從影像中提取有意義的臨床資訊所需的淨勞動力。隨著時間的推移,放射科醫師可能會本能地註意到人工智慧可能會檢測到他們不會檢測到的東西,並且可能會讓臭名昭著的對沖行為的放射科醫師更加對沖。資訊科技的發展歷來常常降低生產力,稱為索洛悖論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人工智慧在某些任務中取代放射科醫師?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人工智慧的另一個用途是讀取正常的研究結果,為放射科醫師排除異常的結果。由於許多研究結果都是正常的,人工智慧可以減少放射科醫師的工作量。這聽起來很吸引人,但只是表面上的。其一,「正常」必須與症狀結合起來,因為正常的研究結果並不意味著患者沒有患病。為了檢測“異常”,放射科醫師必須了解正常情況。事實上,「正常」可以說是最難做出的診斷。從成像上看,「正常」有寬闊、斑斕的海岸線。我擁有的最重的放射學書籍是《可能模擬疾病的正常倫琴變體圖譜》,我還沒讀完。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">放射科醫師可能不願意採用<a name="_Hlk147737105">人工智慧</a>,並不代表其他臨床醫師不會發現人工智慧有用。例如,一旦獲得電腦斷層掃描結果,人工智慧就會向神經科醫師發出可能需要溶栓治療的中風患者的警報,通常是在患者仍在掃描儀上時,有時甚至是在放射科醫師查看圖像之前。及時告知,神經科醫師可以更快地開始治療,並且因為“時間是大腦”,患者可能會得到更好的結果。</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從循環中移除後,放射科醫師只能清理假陽性結果和偶然發現的結果。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">放射科醫師過度關注放射學報告,認為它們是他們專業知識的唯一精華。對於這個行業來說,沒有什麼比報告的周轉時間更神聖的了。該報告只是成像在護理系統中的作用的一部分。例如,陽性影像學發現(例如冠狀動脈粥樣硬化)應該採取其他措施,例如確保患者服用最佳劑量的他汀類藥物並指導患者去看合適的醫師。透過查詢電子健康記錄,人工智慧理論上可以無縫地做到這一點。如果該職業從只負責報告生成轉變為系統管理,其中放射科醫師的工作與決定研究結果是積極還是消極一樣,激活診斷途徑的下一步,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人工智慧擴大放射學範圍</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人工智慧實現自動化;也就是說,它減少了完成任務所需的勞動力。自工業革命以來,勞動力與自動化並存,是勞動力適應了技術。自動化鼓勵勞動力想像新的角色,而勞動力往往從自動化中受益。例如,自動櫃員機遠遠沒有消除銀行櫃員,而是透過增加銀行需求來增加櫃員數量。</span><span lang="EN-US">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">放射科醫師熟悉自動化。以前,他們在掃描器旁指導影像擷取。隨著專業知識的普及和技術的進步,採集變得自動化,放射科醫師越來越少地參與採集,而更多地參與影像解釋。人工智慧的自動化可能會再次取代放射科醫師,這次是從影像解讀轉變為資訊管理等新角色。例如,人工智慧可以擴大放射學對人口健康的影響,例如肺癌篩檢,放射科醫師的工作不會盡快報告盡可能多的電腦斷層掃描結果,而是協調篩檢,讓人工智慧尋找肺結節。為了充分發揮人工智慧的潛力,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人工智慧將使放射科醫師發揮最高水準</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在低收入和中等收入國家,人工智慧可以檢測出結核病等疾病,不僅因為它可以,而且因為放射科醫師稀缺。過度優化的美國放射科醫師採用人工智慧的動機並不那麼引人注目,但可能會隨著基於價值的支付而改變,無論價值意味著什麼,新的支付模式肯定會在某種程度上將放射科醫師從生產力的泥淖中解救出來,改變文化並鼓勵採用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">磁振造影從研究到臨床實踐花了十多年的時間;人工智慧雖然還很年輕,但已經在放射學價值鏈中得到應用,從影像重建到報告生成。最終,<a name="_Hlk147737422">人工智慧將使放射科醫師能夠發揮其執照的最高水準</a>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-1203738993146097262023-10-08T21:59:00.005+08:002023-10-08T21:59:53.379+08:00 古代 DNA識別遺傳性疾病追溯更遠的祖先<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwzeZxioGDAPi_jInOSfg6uJ6kewj-S5D22QoQmvbWRS2rRdJSyvWD2TOr9yOI5HLYEKyGu19s7dSTHDbIm9AgNtMLEA8cmM5h5o7Pk-DbWmsQqWh25CYxJatI-8bmE3xE-DtiyjPmTKEw1rhaHMU1YgtihAeRVmOzwPew3y6DIFmbuCXc2SB-R8LY/s1043/1696773519447.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="1043" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwzeZxioGDAPi_jInOSfg6uJ6kewj-S5D22QoQmvbWRS2rRdJSyvWD2TOr9yOI5HLYEKyGu19s7dSTHDbIm9AgNtMLEA8cmM5h5o7Pk-DbWmsQqWh25CYxJatI-8bmE3xE-DtiyjPmTKEw1rhaHMU1YgtihAeRVmOzwPew3y6DIFmbuCXc2SB-R8LY/w488-h273/1696773519447.jpg" width="488" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">安德魯·庫里</span><span lang="EN-US">(ANDREW CURRY)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《科學》</span><span lang="EN-US">(Science) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US">< </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">家庭關係</span> <span lang="EN-US">>( FAMILY
TIES)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出,基於數千人古代</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的巨型家譜正在揭示史前政治和社會結構。</span><span lang="EN-US">(Giant family trees based on ancient DNA from thousands of people
are revealing prehistoric politics and social structure.) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果研究人員能夠識別遺傳性疾病並將其追溯到幾代人,這項工作還可以為現代醫學提供資訊。「對現代個體的譜系研究對於追蹤罕見變異及其遺傳方式非常有用,」霍夫曼諾瓦說。「過去的九代血統——而且很快就會更長——將使你能夠比現代人更進一步地追踪罕見變異。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">罐子裡裝的是相隔數年去世的親戚</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這個「墓罐」是在西班牙東南部一座名為拉阿爾莫洛亞的山頂城堡的地板下發現的,裡面藏著一個謎題。直徑近</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公尺的容器中埋著一名</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多歲、額頭上戴著閃亮銀冠的婦女。她還戴著鑲著銀箍的銀耳塞、一把鍍銀的錐子,還有一個同伴:一個中年男子和她財產的一小部分安息在同一個罐子裡。這兩個人很可能是青銅時代一個名為埃爾阿爾加</span><span lang="EN-US">(El Argar) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的原始國家的重要成員,該國家從公元前</span><span lang="EN-US">2200 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年左右開始,從山頂據點統治了伊比利亞半島的大部分地區近</span><span lang="EN-US">700 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當考古學家在一個多世紀前首次挖掘這些墳墓並發現許多女人和男人被埋在大罐子裡時,他們認為這些對是皇室夫婦。但考慮到男女之間的貧富差距,後來研究人員得出結論,這些罐子裡裝的是相隔數年去世的親戚。他們認為,這些婦女華麗的裝飾品暗示著母權制,有權勢的婦女被埋葬,她們的兒子或孫子後來也被添加到她們的墳墓裡。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然後,在</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2019 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,一群遺傳學家和考古學家從</span><span lang="EN-US"> La Almoloya </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">婦女和她的同伴以及其他</span><span lang="EN-US"> 66 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個人中提取了</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,這些人成對或單人埋在山頂房屋的牆壁和地板下。分析顯示,這些夫婦不是祖先和後代,而是伴侶。在三起案件中,兒童被埋在父母附近,而父母也被埋在一起;其中一名女嬰是埋葬在宮殿中的一對男女的女兒。「我們沒想到會這樣,」巴塞隆納自治大學考古學家羅伯托·裡施說。「但是(這對夫婦)一定是同時代的,因為他們有共同的後代。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">棺材裡有兩具骷髏的骨頭</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">揭示了西班牙青銅時代堡壘拉阿爾莫洛亞</span><span lang="EN-US"> (La Almoloya) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的一個罐子裡一起埋葬的男女之間令人費解的聯繫。巴塞隆納自治大學</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">結果也顯示,這些精英女性似乎是移居者,可能來自其他地位較高的山頂定居點。這些女性與埋葬在該地點的其他人無關,她們嫁給了彼此有親戚關係且顯然是本地人的男性,這或許是為了將遙遠的埃爾阿爾加定居點編織成一個有凝聚力的早期國家的一種方式。「也許女性在社交網路中至關重要,」里什說。「很明顯,這種文化的主角是女性。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">去年發表的</span><span lang="EN-US"> La Almoloya </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的研究結果是大量新研究的一部分,這些研究正在將古代</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">研究的焦點從人群之間的遺傳聯繫轉向親密的人際聯繫。隨著</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">定序成本的大幅下降,研究人員開始對一個地點的許多人的基因組進行定序,揭示古代社區的結構。馬克斯普朗克進化人類學研究所</span><span lang="EN-US"> (EVA) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的計算生物學家哈拉爾德林鮑爾</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Harald Ringbauer) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示:「它變得如此便宜,以至於你可以建造整個墓地。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">結合更傳統的考古數據,這場古代</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的海嘯為我們提供了對史前家庭實踐、群體認同和權力前所未有的洞察。</span><span lang="EN-US">EVA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的遺傳學家</span><span lang="EN-US"> Vanessa Villalba-Mouco </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示:「我們不僅可以推斷生物親屬關係,還可以推斷社會習俗。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">過去的人們如何組織社會和尊敬祖先</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">遺傳學家和考古學家已經聯手剖析了青銅時代草原遊牧民族的婚姻模式,並追蹤了</span><span lang="EN-US"> 200 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年前埋在馬裡蘭州一處被遺忘的墓地中的數千名被奴役婦女的活著的後代。即將在最近的兩次會議上發布的古代家譜和預印本,承諾不僅揭示兄弟姐妹和親子關係,還揭示相差</span><span lang="EN-US"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">度的遠房表親,例如在鐵器時代的英國遺址,埋葬著</span><span lang="EN-US"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">代的</span><span lang="EN-US"> 170 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名親戚按母系血統分組。在上個月舉行的國際生物分子考古學會會議上,研究人員報告稱,對波利尼西亞一個偏遠島嶼上數百人的親屬關係進行了追踪,結果表明,島上數千年的社會習俗隨著新移民的到來而改變了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「正在發生非常令人興奮的事情,而且不僅僅是遺傳學家對此感到興奮,」澳洲國立大學考古學家凱瑟琳·弗里曼說。「我們終於到了可以真正就這些數據提出考古問題的時候了」,例如過去的人們如何組織社會和尊敬祖先。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">EVA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">遺傳學家</span><span lang="EN-US"> Zuzana Hofmanov</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">á</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示,這個領域「確實正在蓬勃發展」,她正致力於利用埋在捷克和斯洛伐克教堂下的人的骨頭重建中世紀摩拉維亞的社會結構。「我們只是觸及了表面。還有很多事情要做,而且真的很有趣。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">繪製了古代遷徙和人口遷移圖譜</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2010 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年第一個完整的古代人類基因組發表,展示了古代</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">技術的力量後,一波研究浪潮繪製了古代遷徙和人口遷移圖譜。這項工作利用了廣泛分佈在時間和空間上的樣本,因為對古代基因組進行測序一開始非常昂貴,以至於研究人員經常在每個地點只採樣一兩個個體。遺傳學家關注</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中廣泛的相似性模式,而尋求對社會結構和文化進行細粒度分析的考古學家有時會被邊緣化。「我們從生物學的角度講述了與真實歷史僅間接相關的故事,」美因茨約翰內斯古騰堡大學的遺傳學家約阿希姆·伯格說。「考古學家總是因此而憎恨我們,他們是絕對正確的。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">只需花費數百美元就能分析保存完好的耳骨</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> DNA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如今,定序成本僅為十年前的一小部分,而且每個樣本往往能產生更多資訊。研究人員只需花費數百美元就能分析保存完好的耳骨</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,與取得放射性碳定年法的價格大致相同。基於共享的</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">片段,研究可以識別兄弟姐妹並將祖父母與孫子女聯繫起來,以傳統的放射性碳測年法(最多精確到幾十年)無法追蹤墓地的年代順序。巴斯克地區大學遺傳學家伊尼戈·奧拉德</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Iñigo Olalde) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示:「我們經常告訴考古學家等待,在整理譜系後進行放射性碳測年。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在古代</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的早期,這種親屬關係訊息被認為是噪音。作為一名博士。</span><span lang="EN-US">2015 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,奧拉德還是一名學生,他回憶說,他曾研究過一種方法來識別古代個體之間的一級關係,以便將兄弟姐妹和父母從他的數據集中剔除。「如果你想了解人們如何移動,你需要盡可能多的不相關的個體。一個家庭就是同樣的</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,」奧拉德說。「我們對家庭並不是特別感興趣。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他驚訝地發現考古學家有不同的感覺。隨著古代</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">技術的進步,「我們意識到有很大的潛力</span><span lang="EN-US">......</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這不僅僅是父子或幾個兄弟姐妹,」他說。「這是整個家庭,幾代人的經歷。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">很快,他與考古學家合作,將最初為龐大的人口研究收集的樣本轉化為關注史前親屬關係的論文。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">顯示這些男人和女人在一生中是如何移動的</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1970 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代末,人們在一座名為黑茲爾頓北</span><span lang="EN-US">(Hazleton North) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US">50 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公尺長手推車下發現了數十具骸骨,該手推車由英國最早的一些農民於</span><span lang="EN-US">5700 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年前建造,他們也是</span><span lang="EN-US">700</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年後開始建造巨石陣的同一群人。幾十年來,考古學家一直想知道黑茲爾頓和類似的土丘是否像家庭墓穴,或者更像是共享的神殿,聚集了生物學上無關的社區成員。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在這些新石器時代的英國人中,女性被埋葬在她們配偶的家人身邊,而不是她們的父母——這與後來的埃爾阿爾加爾文化的安排相呼應,這開啟了黑澤爾頓人也是父系的可能性。「在沒有遺傳學的情況下,我們無法判斷,」福勒說。現在,「我們可以將生物性別與我們對年齡的了解結合起來,看看這在社會上具有重要意義。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">考古學家根據人類學證據和骨骼化學線索推測過去社會中的父系社會,但從未能最終證明這一點。福勒希望對骨骼中同位素的研究(可以作為地理指紋)能夠顯示這些男人和女人在一生中是如何移動的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">男性血統統一了墳墓,而女性祖先則細分了社區</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管黑茲爾頓的婦女們沒有血緣關係,但她們顯然幫助建立了大家庭。家族的創始人有四位女性伴侶。他們顯然來自不同的世代,因為墓中的一位後來的婦女與創始人的兒子以及他的孫子由不同的伴侶生下了孩子,這表明兒子和孫子的年齡有些相似。因此,團隊猜測創辦人的四個工會是連續的,分佈在他的一生中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在一個多世紀的時間裡,墓葬都是依照女性血統來組織的。兩名婦女及其後代被埋在墳墓的南室,而其他婦女的後代則被埋在土丘另一側的單獨通道中。「當你看到這個佈局時……你與第一代女性中的哪一位有血緣關係似乎真的很重要,而且它似乎已經沿襲了五代人,」福勒說。「男性血統統一了墳墓,而女性祖先則細分了社區。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新石器時代的家庭事務</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">埋藏在北黑茲爾頓墓穴中的一個新石器時代氏族的複雜家譜表明,</span><span lang="EN-US">DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有望揭示古代關係。創始人是一位男性;藍色陰影表示他與四個女性伴侶的後代。墳墓裡埋葬著他的許多男性後裔,以及他們年幼的男女子女(較小的符號)。成年女兒失踪,可能埋在其他地方。雙方創始人的第三代男性都有一人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">今年夏天,來自法國古爾吉「</span><span lang="EN-US">les Noisats</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」的新石器時代遺址發布了迄今為止最長、最大的譜系,該遺址已對近</span><span lang="EN-US"> 100 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個人進行了測序。該遺址比黑澤爾頓早</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1000 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,它為父權制提供了有力的證據:七代人中的數十人都將他們的血統追溯到一個男人。迄今為止,來自新石器時代和青銅時代歐洲的十幾個史前家譜中的大多數都表明父權制。約克大學考古學家伊恩·阿米特(</span><span lang="EN-US">Ian Armit</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)不是古吉團隊的成員,他說,考慮到近代社會中社會結構的多樣性,「它的一致性令人驚訝」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">標準的古代</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> DNA </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分析最多只能將相距兩度的人聯繫起來</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其他人則警告說,歐洲</span><span lang="EN-US"> 5000 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年來的一些研究不足以表明父權制是一種規則。「我們仍在關注單點研究,這些研究無法讓我們得出強有力的結論,」</span><span lang="EN-US">EVA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的遺傳學家沃夫岡·哈克</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Wolfgang Haak) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">古爾吉的一些</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提出了謎語。沒有同父異母的兄弟姊妹,這在人們早逝、伴侶可以選擇另一個伴侶的時代很奇怪。根特大學遺傳學家</span><span lang="EN-US"> Maïté Rivollat </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示,這種缺席表明人們甚至在迴避連續伴侶。「也許他們有我們不知道的關於誰被埋在那裡的規則,或者也許他們嚴格實行一夫一妻制。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在古吉,該團隊還進行了一種新的分析,採用了商業血統測試公司常用的一種技術來識別遠房表親。它被稱為「血統相同」(</span><span lang="EN-US">IBD</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)分析,它比較相同</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">片段的頻率和長度,以找到更遠的親戚。標準的古代</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分析最多只能將相距兩度的人聯繫起來——例如,祖母和孫子。</span><span lang="EN-US">IBD </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分析使遺傳學家能夠追蹤遠房表親、曾曾祖父母或其他人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">IBD </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分析顯示了女性如何影響古吉的父系社群。「我們看到一名婦女離開了社區,幾代人後,她的後代又回來了,」林鮑爾說。例如,一個沒有女兒埋在墓園裡的女人,卻埋葬了她的後裔。失蹤的女性親屬一定已經離開並在別處生子;這些後代的後裔後來返回並被埋葬在古爾吉。這表明女性與家鄉或出生家庭保持聯繫,作為更大區域網絡的一部分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">識別遺傳性疾病並將其追溯到幾代人</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">古遺傳學家還希望將他們的工作擴展到歐洲以外的地區,由於充足的資金、樣本的獲取以及歐洲大陸相對涼爽的洞穴和墓葬的良好保存,歐洲的研究蓬勃發展。如果研究人員能夠識別遺傳性疾病並將其追溯到幾代人,這項工作還可以為現代醫學提供資訊。「對現代個體的譜系研究對於追蹤罕見變異及其遺傳方式非常有用,」霍夫曼諾瓦說。「過去的九代血統——而且很快就會更長——將使你能夠比現代人更進一步地追踪罕見變異。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2008 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,哈克是最早應用古代</span><span lang="EN-US"> DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">來識別德國中部墳墓中父母和孩子身分的人之一。十五年後,</span><span lang="EN-US">DNA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所能揭示的有關過去生命的資訊範圍正在迅速擴大。「當你走近每座墳墓時,你都會問:他們是誰?他們有關係嗎?空間上的接近是否意味著親屬關係?」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哈克說。「更接近回答其中一些問題是我長期以來的夢想,現在已經實現了。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-22983048879591240392023-10-08T20:49:00.003+08:002023-10-08T20:49:13.979+08:00 哈馬斯攻擊對以色列意味著什麼<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AJkgZAvhRTJKkgcshQArtoJR05FwcIXbm8YyNEtuWGfUId9HA0DBmAp6twPWtHGQUJabYAsHCM6FYKX4hFAhkg_tz4q-04k-Cb__G2xGaJL0mPlF1e3E6PUmftGelGVmtYmZbpr5UBMSi4Vfu1OYiP6EJCaDd7Ivn2s-bX8dUGj7XamZp-ytURsg/s993/1696769297658.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="993" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AJkgZAvhRTJKkgcshQArtoJR05FwcIXbm8YyNEtuWGfUId9HA0DBmAp6twPWtHGQUJabYAsHCM6FYKX4hFAhkg_tz4q-04k-Cb__G2xGaJL0mPlF1e3E6PUmftGelGVmtYmZbpr5UBMSi4Vfu1OYiP6EJCaDd7Ivn2s-bX8dUGj7XamZp-ytURsg/w464-h254/1696769297658.jpg" width="464" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">丹尼爾·拜曼和亞歷山大·帕爾默</span><span lang="EN-US"> Daniel Byman and Alexander Palmer</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《外交事務》</span><span lang="EN-US">(Foreign Affairs) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哈馬斯攻擊對以色列意味著什麼</span><span lang="EN-US">>(What
the Hamas Attack Means for Israel)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說,內塔尼亞胡除了糟糕的選擇之外別無選擇</span><span lang="EN-US">(Netanyahu Has Nothing but Bad Options) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">理論上,以色列可以給予哈馬斯更多的自由來管理加薩地帶,並使其在巴勒斯坦政治中發揮更大的作用。然而,這些讓步可能會讓哈馬斯變得更加強大,而憤怒的以色列比以往任何時候都更不願意冒這樣的風險。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e5%93%88%e9%a6%ac%e6%96%af%e7%82%ba%e4%bd%95%e7%99%bc%e5%8b%95%e6%94%bb%e6%93%8a%ef%bc%9f%e4%bb%a5%e8%89%b2%e5%88%97%e7%82%ba%e4%bd%95%e5%a4%a7%e5%90%83%e4%b8%80%e9%a9%9a%ef%bc%9f/"><span style="color: red;"><</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">哈馬斯為何發動攻擊?以色列為何大吃一驚?</span></span><span style="color: red;"> ></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隨著數千枚火箭落在以色列,照亮了特拉維夫和其他城市的天際線,以色列目前的首要任務是保衛其城鎮和軍事基地免受哈馬斯從加薩地帶突然發動的毀滅性襲擊。以色列將努力剷除武裝分子,防止更多滲透者,並壓制對其人民進行轟炸的火箭和迫擊砲彈。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">考慮到哈馬斯襲擊的規模和以色列的意外,這些任務都不是容易的。即使以色列成功了,它也面臨著下一步該做什麼的艱難選擇,以確保哈馬斯被削弱並確保此類攻擊不再發生。以色列領導人需要重新建立對哈馬斯和其他對手的威懾,同時防止暴力蔓延到西岸,保護該國最近的外交成果,並處理持續的人質局勢。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">加薩的困境</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也許最大的問題是如何處理加薩走廊。自從哈馬斯在</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2007 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年在這片巴勒斯坦飛地奪取政權以來,儘管以色列政界人士在過去的危機中呼籲採取行動,但以色列一直避免在那裡進行大規模、持續的地面行動。事實上,</span><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,以色列國防部長阿維格多·利伯曼辭職,抗議以色列與哈馬斯談判達成休戰協議。然而,以色列軍事領導人正確地指出,試圖將哈馬斯從加薩地帶連根拔起將是困難的。哈馬斯在那裡有著深厚的聯繫,管理醫院、清真寺、學校、青年團體以及警察。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以色列可能會繼續向加薩地帶開火</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在最新一輪戰鬥之前,以色列領導人可能會辯稱,偶爾的空襲和經濟壓力使哈馬斯失去平衡,無法對以色列構成重大威脅。現在這個論點已經站不住腳了。以色列可能會繼續向加薩地帶開火,但這無助於動搖哈馬斯的權力。此外,儘管國際(尤其是美國)輿論現在對以色列表示同情,但哈馬斯沒有做出任何重大反應的轟炸每一天都會削弱國際社會對以色列國防軍行動的支持。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">短期內,以色列可以透過派遣軍隊佔領全部或部分加薩地帶來對哈馬斯取得一些進展。透過進入該地區,以色列軍隊將破壞哈馬斯對民眾的控制。他們可以審問巴勒斯坦地區的人,逮捕哈馬斯各級官員,並以其他方式取得資訊。他們還可以殺死或俘虜大量哈馬斯下層成員,摧毀隧道和軍事物資儲藏處,並破壞從該地帶進入以色列的滲透路線。所有這些步驟都將削弱哈馬斯並減少對以色列的短期威脅。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但即使它成功削弱了哈馬斯,地面入侵也會帶來重大風險。該地區密集的城市地形對以色列地面部隊構成了重大障礙,並可能造成巨大的平民傷亡。例如,</span><span lang="EN-US">2014 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的危機導致</span><span lang="EN-US"> 66 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名以色列士兵、</span><span lang="EN-US">6 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名以色列平民和</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2000 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多名巴勒斯坦人(大部分是平民)死亡,儘管以色列軍隊在「保護邊緣行動」期間僅深入加薩地帶幾英里。哈馬斯還在該地區的大部分地區挖掘了隧道,它可以利用這些隧道來策劃突然襲擊,並劫持更多以色列士兵作為人質,從而將當前的政治災難變成一場更大的噩夢。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對哈馬斯來說,恢復到接近原狀的狀態似乎是個勝利。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從長遠來看,如果以色列能夠找到其他巴勒斯坦人來管理加薩地帶,它也可能能夠取代哈馬斯的影響力。但以色列在巴勒斯坦方面缺乏可信的政治夥伴。巴勒斯坦權力機構領導人馬哈茂德·阿巴斯及其追隨者憎恨哈馬斯,並在約旦河西岸殘酷鎮壓哈馬斯,但他們缺乏巴勒斯坦人的重要政治支持。普遍的腐敗、老化和脫節的領導層以及與以色列多年的合作已經使巴勒斯坦權力機構名譽掃地。更重要的是,巴勒斯坦權力機構領導人不想透過騎著以色列坦克車在加薩走廊掌權,這將抹去他們僅存的一點民族主義憑證。所有這一切意味著,推翻哈馬斯的地面入侵將使以色列陷入對這一地帶的管理困境,被迫應對其困難的經濟狀況和敵對的人口。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以色列政客歷來目光短淺,民眾熱情高漲</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">加薩走廊的長期戰爭也會對以色列造成外交破壞。以色列正在尋求與沙烏地阿拉伯實現關係正常化,並希望利雅德在巴勒斯坦問題上只要求象徵性的讓步。當巴勒斯坦處於次要位置時,沙烏地阿拉伯領導層可能會採取這種做法,希望自己國家和更廣泛的穆斯林世界的公眾輿論能夠關注其他問題。然而,隨著暴力事件肆虐,沙烏地阿拉伯在這個問題上不能表現得軟弱。沙烏地阿拉伯外交部週六發表的聲明預示著外交麻煩將會增加,並將當前暴力事件的爆發歸咎於以色列「持續佔領、剝奪巴勒斯坦人民的合法權利以及一再系統性地挑釁其神聖性」。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,儘管存在所有這些問題,以色列領導人可能仍然覺得有必要介入。這次襲擊的規模如此之大,以至於恢復到接近原狀的狀態對哈馬斯來說似乎是一場勝利。以色列政客歷來目光短淺,民眾熱情高漲。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">西岸一片寂靜</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哈馬斯的成功為已經憤怒的巴勒斯坦人帶來了鼓舞</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以色列也將尋求確保西岸保持相對平靜,特別是如果它對加薩發動地面入侵的話。以色列先前在該地帶的軍事行動引發了約旦河西岸的大規模示威活動。約旦河西岸已經陷入混亂,第三次起義爆發的傳聞不斷。在</span><span lang="EN-US">2021 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年和</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2022 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,該領土都經歷了嚴重的暴力事件,而</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2023 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的情況可能會更糟,今年迄今已有近</span><span lang="EN-US"> 200 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名巴勒斯坦人死於以色列之手。暴力事件的增加部分是由於巴勒斯坦權力機構的軟弱,但以色列定居點的擴張以及其居民對普通巴勒斯坦人一再進行的屠殺極大地加劇了緊張局勢。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">來自加薩走廊的哈馬斯攻擊和以色列的反應所引發的暴力事件火上加油。哈馬斯的成功為已經憤怒的巴勒斯坦人帶來了鼓舞,表明他們可以讓以色列付出代價。更重要的是,以色列的反應將導致大量巴勒斯坦人死亡(據巴勒斯坦衛生部稱,迄今已有約</span><span lang="EN-US">200</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人死亡,而且這個數字肯定還會上升)。即使以色列人和國際社會許多人認為哈馬斯挑起了這場衝突,新一輪的暴力活動仍將激怒巴勒斯坦人的情緒。</span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">令以色列的反應更令人沮喪的是人質問題</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">令以色列的反應更令人沮喪的是人質問題。沒有人知道哈馬斯劫持了多少人質(只要其特工活躍,它可能會扣押更多人質),但哈馬斯聲稱已經劫持了「數十名人質」。其中一些可能會被偷運回以色列,而另一些則可能被以色列境內的巴勒斯坦武裝分子持有。人質為哈馬斯帶來了巨大的影響力,對以色列領導人來說也是一場惡夢。儘管以色列特種作戰部隊技術精湛,但即使是小錯誤也可能導致襲擊中的許多無辜者死亡。劫持人質還會導致一場持續不斷的戲劇性事件——正如恐怖主義專家布萊恩·詹金斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Brian Jenkins</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)曾經所說的那樣——「戲劇」——這個問題經常出現在報紙的頭版上,驚恐的人質、驚恐的家庭和富有同情心的公眾都要求採取行動。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對當前暴力事件的溫和回應會鼓勵哈馬斯再次發動攻擊</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人質也使軍事行動變得複雜。在戰略層面上,如果以色列進入加薩地帶,哈馬斯可能會威脅人質的生命或以其他方式威脅哈馬斯的權力。在戰術層面上,以色列人質可能出現在領土內的建築物內或戰士手中,這使得行動變得更加困難,因為以色列的每一次軍事行動都會存在殺害以色列平民或軍事人員的風險。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以色列面臨的最大挑戰之一將是如何恢復威懾力——說服哈馬斯和其他敵人不要再次攻擊以色列,因為他們付出的代價太高——以及如何以道德上可接受的方式做到這一點確保其他國家特別是美國的支持。以色列官員會擔心,對當前暴力事件的溫和回應會鼓勵哈馬斯再次發動攻擊,他們也會擔心真主黨、伊朗和其他敵人會認為以色列軟弱。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">猶太國家是「蜘蛛網」</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,從遠處看很強大實際很脆弱</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國際法中的相稱性原則要求以色列避免過度傷亡,並以其他方式緩和其軍事反應,以集中力量製止來自哈馬斯的威脅。另一方面,威懾的邏輯往往會導致巴勒斯坦方面遭受不成比例的傷亡。由於以色列對傷亡高度敏感,在以色列看來,等量死亡是他們國家的損失。事實上,哈馬斯、真主黨和其他所謂的抵抗組織為自己能夠比以色列做出更多犧牲而感到自豪,他們認為猶太國家是一張「蜘蛛網」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,從遠處看似乎很強大,但實際上很脆弱。按照這種邏輯,威懾要求傷亡率如此之高,連哈馬斯都感到害怕。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了使威懾發揮長期作用,哈馬斯需要其他選擇來維持其政治合法性,而政治合法性的基礎是反對以色列。威懾僅涉及阻止對手採取原本可能採取的敵對行動。但如果對手認為自己別無選擇,那麼威懾就會困難得多。理論上,以色列可以給予哈馬斯更多的自由來管理加薩地帶,並使其在巴勒斯坦政治中發揮更大的作用。然而,這些讓步可能會讓哈馬斯變得更加強大,而憤怒的以色列比以往任何時候都更不願意冒這樣的風險。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-7127485152669042012023-10-08T12:57:00.007+08:002023-10-08T12:57:55.929+08:00 哈馬斯為何發動攻擊?以色列為何大吃一驚?<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkkDDYhXhuPOTcqUFy2PfibmIgS5r3g2m6ZOlROU1jhydR4OASgEbnMJoOOVITAIo1Ir2_nXDN2PJ84KoBmbBbmzOIUEoDHRZZoElYOMU-RAq-8-sbcb0JfM5K9gFdY-tv4aq4qwRLT1Y2pq5PQX6XTbKDTsuxRXTpCQgPj_lGIPeLsMa4rITiP_n/s960/1696740654631.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="960" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkkDDYhXhuPOTcqUFy2PfibmIgS5r3g2m6ZOlROU1jhydR4OASgEbnMJoOOVITAIo1Ir2_nXDN2PJ84KoBmbBbmzOIUEoDHRZZoElYOMU-RAq-8-sbcb0JfM5K9gFdY-tv4aq4qwRLT1Y2pq5PQX6XTbKDTsuxRXTpCQgPj_lGIPeLsMa4rITiP_n/w477-h301/1696740654631.jpg" width="477" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日星期六上午,巴勒斯坦組織哈馬斯對以色列發動了規模空前的突然襲擊:發射數千枚火箭彈,武裝分子滲透到以色列境內,並劫持了數量不明的人質。至少</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名以色列人死亡,至少</span><span lang="EN-US">1400</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人受傷;以色列總理本傑明·內塔尼亞胡宣布他的國家「處於戰爭狀態」。以色列軍隊做出反應,造成約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 200 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名巴勒斯坦人死亡、約</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1,600 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人受傷。發表在最新一期《外交事務》</span><span lang="EN-US">(Foreign Affairs) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哈馬斯為何發動攻擊——以色列為何大吃一驚;與馬丁·因迪克的對話</span><span lang="EN-US">>(Why Hamas Attacked—and Why Israel Was Taken by Surprise:A
Conversation With Martin Indyk)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出,為了深入了解這對以色列、巴勒斯坦人和該地區意味著什麼,外交事務部向馬丁·因迪克求助,外交關係委員會美國</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中東外交洛伊傑出研究員。因迪克曾兩度擔任美國駐以色列大使,第一次是</span><span lang="EN-US">1995</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US">1997</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,第二次是</span><span lang="EN-US">2000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年。他也曾於</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年擔任美國總統歐巴馬的巴以談判特使。此前,他曾擔任以色列駐以色列大使特別助理。比爾·柯林頓總統、國家安全委員會近東和南亞事務高級主任,以及美國國務院近東事務助理國務卿。週六下午,因迪克與執行編輯賈斯汀·沃格特進行了交談。為了篇幅和清晰度,下面的對話已經被編輯過。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">許多觀察家指出,今天的事件對以色列人的影響類似於</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> 911 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">攻擊對美國人的影響。但近幾十年來,以色列人遭受了大量暴力——當然,巴勒斯坦人也是如此。是什麼讓這與眾不同?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬丁·因迪克;這是以色列方面的徹底系統故障。以色列人習慣透過其複雜的間諜手段準確了解巴勒斯坦人正在做什麼。他們在加薩和以色列邊境一側的社區之間建造了一堵非常昂貴的牆。他們一直相信哈馬斯不會發動大規模攻擊:他們不敢,因為他們會被壓垮,因為巴勒斯坦人會因為發動另一場戰爭而反對哈馬斯。以色列人認為,哈馬斯現在處於不同的模式:專注於長期停火,雙方都從共存安排中受益。每天約有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 19,000 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名巴勒斯坦工人從加薩進入以色列,這有利於經濟並產生稅收。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但事實證明,這完全是個巨大的欺騙。因此,人們感到震驚,就像</span><span lang="EN-US">9/11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事件一樣,有這樣一種感覺:「一群烏合之眾的恐怖分子怎麼可能做到這一點?他們怎麼可能打敗強大的以色列情報部門和強大的以色列國防軍?”</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們還沒有好的答案,但我確信部分原因是傲慢——以色列相信純粹的武力可以威懾哈馬斯,以色列不必解決長期問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為什麼哈馬斯會選擇現在實施這種特殊的攻擊?戰略邏輯是什麼?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬丁·因迪克;我只能推測——說實話,我仍然感到震驚。但我認為你必須考慮此時的背景。阿拉伯世界正與以色列達成協議。沙烏地阿拉伯正在討論與以色列實現關係正常化。作為潛在協議的一部分,美國正在敦促以色列向哈馬斯的敵人巴勒斯坦權力機構讓步。因此,這是哈馬斯及其伊朗支持者破壞整個進程的機會,我認為回想起來,這對他們雙方都構成了深刻的威脅。我不認為哈馬斯聽從伊朗的指揮,但我確實認為他們的行動是協調一致的,他們有一個共同的利益,那就是破壞正在取得的進展,並在阿拉伯民眾中獲得了很多支持。這個想法是為了讓那些已經與以色列講和或可能與以色列講和的阿拉伯領導人感到尷尬。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">目前正在就以色列和沙烏地阿拉伯之間的和平協議進行談判,並就美國對沙烏地阿拉伯的安全保證進行對話。哈馬斯和伊朗的主要動機很可能是希望破壞協議,因為協議可能會孤立他們。這是破壞其前景的好方法,至少在短期內是如此。一旦巴勒斯坦問題重新成為焦點,中東阿拉伯國家眼睜睜地看著以色列手中的美國武器殺害大量巴勒斯坦人,就會引發非常強烈的反應。而像</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">沙烏地阿拉伯王儲</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">穆罕默德·本·薩勒曼這樣的領導人將非常不願意反抗這種反對。這樣做需要他站起來告訴他的人民:「這不是辦法。我的方式比哈馬斯的方式更能幫助巴勒斯坦人,這只會帶來痛苦。”</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我認為,在這種危機中,對任何阿拉伯領導人來說,這種勇氣是難以期待的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以色列政府現在有哪些選擇?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬丁·因迪克;嗯,他們以前已經經歷過五次這樣的事情了,並且有一個清晰的劇本。他們動員軍隊,從空中發動攻擊,對加薩造成破壞。他們試圖斬首哈馬斯領導階層。如果這不能讓哈馬斯停止發射火箭並進入釋放人質的談判,那麼我認為我們正在考慮以色列全面入侵加薩。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在這提出了兩個問題。一是以色列將在人口稠密地區作戰,國際社會對以色列使用美國高科技武器造成平民傷亡的強烈抗議,將把譴責轉移到美國和以色列身上,並向以色列施加壓力,要求其停止。第二個問題是,如果以色列在全面戰爭中取得成功,他們就會擁有加沙,他們必須回答以下問題:我們要如何離開?我們什麼時候撤?我們退出支持誰?請記住,以色列人已於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2005 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年從加薩撤軍,他們不想再返回。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">幾十年來,您在個人和職業層面上認識內塔尼亞胡並與之打交道。你預計他會選擇什麼課程?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬丁·因迪克;嗯,首先要知道的是,他為自己在戰爭方面的謹慎而感到自豪。他非常小心,不發動全面戰爭。因此,我認為他的首要選擇是使用空軍對哈馬斯施加足夠的懲罰,以便他們同意停火,然後就人質的歸還進行談判。換句話說,回到原來的狀態:這就是他想要得到的,試圖利用美國、埃及和卡達來影響哈馬斯阻止。如果這不起作用,而且我懷疑它會起作用,那麼他必須考慮其他選擇。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你為什麼懷疑這會起作用?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬丁·因迪克;因為我擔心哈馬斯的意圖是讓以色列大規模報復,讓衝突升級:約旦河西岸起義、真主黨攻擊、耶路撒冷叛亂。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">換句話說,哈馬斯不會配合以色列旨在恢復原狀的任何反應?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬丁·因迪克;正確的。就事態升級而言,最值得關注的政黨是真主黨。如果巴勒斯坦死亡人數上升,真主黨就會想加入戰鬥。他們擁有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 15 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬枚火箭彈,可以向以色列的主要城市傾瀉而下,這不僅會在加沙,還會在黎巴嫩引發全面戰爭。在這種情況下,每個人都會被拖累。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一方面,沙烏地阿拉伯、埃及、約旦以及與以色列簽署《亞伯拉罕協議》的國家——阿拉伯聯合大公國和巴林——都希望平息事態並實現停火,因為這種情況持續的時間越長越是這樣,他們就越難維持與以色列的關係。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以色列目前的政局不穩定是否會影響以色列的決策?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬丁·因迪克;我認為所有這些現在都被擱置了。這是一場程度未知的深刻危機。首相面臨一個真正的問題,不僅是在保護公民方面,而且是在避免對所發生的事情承擔責任方面。我不明白他怎麼能做到。所以他必須找到一種方法來透過衝突來救贖自己。他不能讓聯盟中的極右翼成員來決定所發生的事情,因為他們會把以色列帶入一個非常糟糕的境地。因此,他必須要對它們進行控制(但他目前還無法做到),要嘛就必須將它們移除。反對派領袖</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">亞伊爾</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">拉皮德今天提出加入一個狹隘的緊急政府,其中包括內塔尼亞胡的利庫德集團、拉皮德的政黨和</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">反對派領袖</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本尼·甘茨的政黨。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">值得注意的是,距離阿拉伯國家突然襲擊以色列並發動</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> 1973 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年贖罪日戰爭已經過去</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> 50 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年了,幾乎就在今天。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">馬丁·因迪克;這是非常了不起的——而且這並非巧合。讓我們記住,對阿拉伯人來說,贖罪日戰爭被視為一場勝利。埃及和敘利亞成功地打了以色列軍隊一個措手不及,成功越過蘇伊士運河,向戈蘭高地挺進,以至於許多以色列人都認為以色列完蛋了。因此,儘管以色列最終在那場戰爭中獲勝,但阿拉伯世界仍然慶祝第一天的勝利。因此,哈馬斯在</span><span lang="EN-US"> 50 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年後證明它可以做同樣的事情——這極大地提升了其在阿拉伯世界的地位,同時也對過去</span><span lang="EN-US"> 50 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年來與以色列並駕齊驅的國家和領導人構成了巨大挑戰。年。值得指出的是,哈馬斯是一個非常不同的對手。</span><span lang="EN-US">1973</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,【埃及總統】安瓦爾·薩達特為了與以色列講和而與以色列開戰。哈馬斯發動了一場戰爭來摧毀以色列,或盡最大努力削弱它,使其徹底崩潰。哈馬斯沒有興趣與以色列實現和平。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1973</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,正是狂妄自大讓以色列人相信他們是不可戰勝的,他們是中東的超級大國,他們不再需要關注埃及和敘利亞的問題,因為他們是如此強大。近年來,同樣的傲慢態度再次表現出來,儘管許多人告訴以色列人,巴勒斯坦人的局勢是不可持續的。他們認為問題已得到控制。但現在他們所有的假設都被推翻了,就像</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1973 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年一樣。他們將不得不接受這一點。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-40298136757667890292023-10-07T18:25:00.002+08:002023-10-07T18:25:15.388+08:00 莫斯科正在將華盛頓的敵人聚集在一起<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvNgzN5BeR_xUJePEi3B27DcDwlQGNGrpyU0r2hpGWkoJnvDiPHzbuQr4OPj7w08ozXj3PYiVRAJubUKbCxsDa4p3W1vlejWKMoOSpIM8aHMrLD9Y3zLtGYmKlDu4QVgSBd2ml2OfsFC8VZ1bz4idVsVWu1hqKkKcgjAN7KEMVtvxM_OxrDBIAPRKd/s634/1696672308541.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="634" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvNgzN5BeR_xUJePEi3B27DcDwlQGNGrpyU0r2hpGWkoJnvDiPHzbuQr4OPj7w08ozXj3PYiVRAJubUKbCxsDa4p3W1vlejWKMoOSpIM8aHMrLD9Y3zLtGYmKlDu4QVgSBd2ml2OfsFC8VZ1bz4idVsVWu1hqKkKcgjAN7KEMVtvxM_OxrDBIAPRKd/w482-h253/1696672308541.jpg" width="482" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國際上有不少說法指出,烏克蘭戰爭「大大削弱了俄羅斯的實力、利益和影響力」,他們就應該再想一想:俄羅斯仍然擁有重要的國際影響力。莫斯科與其大多數傳統客戶(例如印度和越南)保持穩定的國防合同,這些客戶依賴俄羅斯來維護其系統。俄羅斯不得不將大部分士兵和物資轉移到烏克蘭,但它在敘利亞仍然擁有永久的空軍和海軍基地,使該國可以直接進入地中海並騷擾中東的美軍。莫斯科領導的瓦格納準軍事公司控制著利比亞的多個基地,這些基地是其在薩赫勒地區活動的後勤中心。即使在其前老闆葉夫根尼·普里戈任(</span><span lang="EN-US">Yevgeny Prigozhin</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)在一場飛機失事(可能是由俄羅斯總統弗拉基米爾·普京策劃)中喪生之後,瓦格納仍將以這種或那種形式繼續運作。莫斯科也正在考慮是否在非洲使用或建立更多基地。漢娜·諾特</span><span lang="EN-US">(Hanna Notte)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《外交事務》</span><span lang="EN-US">(Foreign Affairs) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">俄羅斯的受制裁軸心國</span><span lang="EN-US">>( Russia’s Axis of the Sanctioned)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說,「莫斯科正在將華盛頓的敵人聚集在一起」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Moscow Is Bringing
Washington’s Enemies Together)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e4%bf%84%e7%be%85%e6%96%af%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e5%8c%96%e7%83%8f%e5%85%8b%e8%98%ad%e6%88%b0%e7%88%ad/"><<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">俄羅斯如何全球化烏克蘭戰爭</span></span> ></a>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">乍一看,對烏克蘭的戰爭對俄羅斯來說似乎是一場災難。由於大部分士兵都在與基輔軍隊作戰,莫斯科正努力在海外駐軍。俄羅斯也不得不將其在亞洲和中東部署的一些武器和軍事系統重新部署到歐洲。莫斯科的軍售已經在下降,現在面臨更大的危險。制裁阻止了俄羅斯傳統客戶繼續採購,而俄羅斯糟糕的軍事表現也挫傷了潛在客戶的熱情。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與敵視美國和歐洲的國家進行更強大的國防合作</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事實上,對俄羅斯來說,新的孤立有一個好處:與許多同樣敵視美國和歐洲的國家進行更強大、更深入的國防合作。這些國家——從委內瑞拉到北韓——除了共同的敵人之外可能沒有太多共同點,而且單獨來看,它們都不是特別強大。但他們在一起可以幫助克里姆林宮維持對烏克蘭的戰爭。它們還可以幫助其他成員國進一步實現自己的區域野心,從而增加世界各地發生軍事衝突的可能性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">考慮到這些危險,美國不能再將這些國家視為小對手或小角色。華盛頓也不能只依靠制裁(無論多麼全面)來削弱這些國家的影響力。相反,美國將不得不對自己的夥伴關係和聯盟進行再投資,以製衡俄羅斯的軸心。否則,華盛頓將無法限制這些試圖在世界多個地區製造混亂的國家。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">俄羅斯現在是所有這些國家的寶貴合作夥伴</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當莫斯科對烏克蘭發動全面入侵時,西方國家迅速採取行動,將俄羅斯與全球經濟隔離。他們發布了全面製裁措施,旨在切斷莫斯科與美國和歐洲技術的聯繫。長期依賴俄羅斯天然氣和石油的歐洲取消了與莫斯科的新項目,並開始尋求與其他國家簽訂能源合約。華盛頓凍結了俄羅斯央行數千億美元的資產,使俄羅斯企業進行國際貿易變得更加困難。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在某種程度上,這些限制起到了作用。自入侵開始以來,俄羅斯經濟陷入停滯,一些工廠也已停工。然而,這些限制並沒有成為西方官員所希望的沉重打擊——或接近的打擊。西方國家的首都願意相信,他們的行為已將俄羅斯變成了他們所說的流氓國家。但這樣的國家很多,<a name="_Hlk147592834">俄羅斯現在是所有這些國家的寶貴合作夥伴</a>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e6%99%ae%e4%b8%81%e5%90%91%e7%9b%9f%e5%8f%8b%e5%b1%95%e7%a4%ba%e4%bf%84%e7%be%85%e6%96%af%e3%80%8c%e5%89%8d%e6%89%80%e6%9c%aa%e6%9c%89%e5%9c%b0%e9%9e%8f%e5%9b%ba%e3%80%8d/"><<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">普丁向盟友展示俄羅斯「前所未有地鞏固」</span></span> ></a>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以俄羅斯的武器部門為例。西方制裁將莫斯科擠出了高端軍火市場,但並沒有讓世界上最大的國防出口國之一破產。自戰爭開始以來,莫斯科加強了向各國提供低端武器的力度,包括老式直升機。緬甸上個月接受了俄羅斯戰鬥機的交付。馬利、多哥和烏幹達最近都採購了俄羅斯戰鬥直升機。這些國家以及布吉納法索的新軍政府都表達了與俄羅斯深化國防合作的願望。在莫斯科舉行的</span><span lang="EN-US">Army-2023</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">軍事論壇上,俄羅斯官員向非洲客戶積極宣傳其國家的軍用無人機,希望激發他們對價格實惠且(與許多其他俄羅斯武器不同)已在烏克蘭戰場上證明自己的系統的興趣。這些非洲國家太窮了,它們的潛在購買對克里姆林宮來說沒有太大的經濟價值。但它們將幫助莫斯科鞏固其在非洲大陸更廣泛的影響力。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對俄羅斯來說,新發現的孤立有其好處</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">俄羅斯與伊朗的交往美國和歐洲官員應該更加關注這個問題。兩國因對華盛頓的共同敵意而團結在一起,正在發展可能成為重要國防夥伴關係的關係。自去年夏天以來,俄羅斯一直依賴伊朗的無人機——首先是為了破壞烏克蘭的能源基礎設施,最近又是為了攻擊烏克蘭的軍事目標。伊朗尚未向俄羅斯提供飛彈,但聯合國對此類銷售的限制將於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"> 18 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日到期,飛彈交付可能很快就會跟進。同時,伊朗擁有大量俄羅斯武器的願望清單,包括戰鬥機和防空系統。俄羅斯不願與阿拉伯國家對抗(它也與阿拉伯國家合作),它可能不會立即滿足德黑蘭的所有要求,並且可能會將其部分支持保密。但伊朗和俄羅斯之間發生了一系列軍事接觸,包括俄羅斯國防部長謝爾蓋·紹伊古九月參觀了德黑蘭的武器展。如果莫斯科不向伊朗提供至少一些武器,那將是令人驚訝的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">俄羅斯與北韓的關係可能會走上一條同樣危險的道路。莫斯科已經向金正恩政權購買砲彈和火箭;作為交換,普丁可能會向北韓提供平壤衛星和潛艇計畫所需的材料。畢竟,金正恩和普丁最近確實在俄羅斯東部會面,並交換了槍支和步槍作為禮物。俄羅斯也加強了與緬甸這個較小的賤民的合作,其方式不僅僅是向其出售飛機。俄羅斯官員一直忙於從該國軍政府回購武器零件,作為交換,莫斯科向該國提供外交支援和反恐訓練。俄羅斯國防機構可能會因在烏克蘭戰場上的無能而受到嘲笑,但它正在讓全世界流氓政權的軍隊煥然一新。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">軸心國之間的合作已經在加強俄羅斯的戰爭努力</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">乍一看,俄羅斯的新軸心似乎不值得擔心。它的成員似乎是一群絕望而虛弱的國家,對西方幾乎沒有構成威脅。北韓擁有核武,但貧窮且遠離美國。伊朗可以偶爾攻擊華盛頓的阿拉伯夥伴,但它充其量只是一個地區大國。非洲成員國正與國內不穩定抗爭。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但他們合作的影響並非微不足道——包括對基輔而言。儘管任何一個合作夥伴提供的武器都不太可能對普丁征服烏克蘭的行動起到決定性作用,但它們將在總體上產生影響。如果俄羅斯能夠利用北韓的大量彈藥庫存,從緬甸回購足夠的坦克和飛彈材料,並在伊朗的幫助下建造無人機工廠,那麼俄羅斯將更容易維持其長期的消耗戰。事實上,<a name="_Hlk147592935">軸心國之間的合作已經在加強俄羅斯的戰爭努力</a>。根據華盛頓研究所的分析,委內瑞拉國有航空公司——此前因參與德黑蘭非法武器網絡而受到美國制裁——可能正在向俄羅斯運送伊朗武器和設備。</span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e7%82%ba%e4%bd%952-3%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%ba%e5%8f%a3%e7%9a%84%e5%9c%8b%e5%ae%b6%e4%bb%8d%e4%b8%ad%e7%ab%8b%e6%88%96%e6%94%af%e6%8c%81%e4%bf%84%e7%be%85%e6%96%af%ef%bc%9f/"><<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">為何</span></span>2/3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">的人口的國家仍中立或支持俄羅斯?</span></span> ></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">俄羅斯並不是唯一將從這軸心受益的國家。更深入的合作還可以產生廣泛的國防生態系統,其特點不僅是相互物質支持,還包括相互指導。例如,伊朗官員希望向俄羅斯同行學習網路情報和人工智慧的知識,而莫斯科則希望獲得德黑蘭關於規避制裁和將民用產品改造為軍事用途的建議。平壤可以獲得俄羅斯對其潛艇計劃的支持,以換取更多武器。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">制裁的軸線將大於其各部分的總和</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">俄羅斯對伊朗和北韓的彈道飛彈和太空計畫的任何援助——無論是主動還是被動——都將對兩國特別有利。如果德黑蘭選擇這樣做,俄羅斯的這種幫助可能會讓伊朗開發能夠攜帶核彈頭的彈道飛彈。它也可能普遍增強伊朗的膽量,導致其認為其地區對手不敢攻擊其及其核設施。來自俄羅斯的援助可能同樣會增強金正恩的風險偏好,增加朝鮮半島軍事升級的可能性。</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果俄羅斯事實上接受伊朗為近核國家、北韓為核武國家,那麼它也可能推動其他國家進行核子擴散。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中國和俄羅斯甚至可以採取分工</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些國家還可以得到另一個外部大國的支持:中國。儘管北京可能不會成為莫斯科軸心國的真正成員,儘管它堅決宣稱自己在烏克蘭戰爭中保持公正,但中國官員已經在幫助俄羅斯新興的國家網絡。北京也幫助莫斯科本身。例如,中國與俄羅斯保持著重要的國防工業夥伴關係,從該國進口大量武器,促進其微晶片貿易,並偶爾與俄羅斯武裝部隊進行聯合海軍演習。北京可以在未來幾年向莫斯科和其他軸心國成員提供更多援助。在哪個國家援助哪個較弱的夥伴方面,中國和俄羅斯甚至可以採取(預設或公開的)分工。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但即使北京提供最低限度的外部支持,俄羅斯與軸心國之間的任何合作都將產生高度的綜效。例如,俄羅斯外交可能會幫助緬甸與北韓建立軍事關係,這是軍政府想要做的。布吉納法索、馬利和尼日爾剛剛簽署了三方共同防禦協定,因此俄羅斯與這些國家中任何一個國家的軍事合作都可能使其他國家受益。制裁的軸線將大於其各部分的總和。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">了解西方制裁和迴避的國家將共同努力</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對美國來說,駕馭這個軸心並不容易。華盛頓需要防範中東和朝鮮半島的戰爭,同時繼續投入資源保衛烏克蘭並阻止中國攻擊台灣。由於瓦格納(無論是後普里戈任的化身)在其有影響力的國家推行親俄議程,</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">非洲更大的不穩定可能會加劇這些困境。如果非洲國家將俄羅斯視為西方國家可靠的替代安全夥伴,莫斯科在非洲大陸的影響力可能會進一步增強——特別是考慮到西方在非洲大陸的存在受到當地人的普遍不滿。俄羅斯國旗成為支持薩赫勒地區軍事政權的流行象徵是有原因的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了因應這些挑戰,西方政策制定者需要從整體角度考慮俄羅斯的軸心,而不是一系列離散的夥伴關係。他們需要認識到不同地區之間的相互聯繫,並了解他們制裁和迴避的國家將共同努力,儘管他們不信任彼此。西方官員首先應該認識到,進一步的制裁不太可能顯著減緩或停止俄羅斯與其合作夥伴之間的合作。這些國家習慣在美國和歐洲的限制下運作,他們將透過適應和臨時應對新的制裁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">受制裁軸心只會變得越來越強大</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美國打擊對手的最佳措施不是實施更多限制,而是加強自身的夥伴關係。華盛頓需要幫助印太和中東地區的盟友,這些國家最容易受到俄羅斯軸心的影響。韓國對北韓的感覺越安全,韓國就越有可能回補向烏克蘭提供武器的北約國家的訂單。美國越多幫助伊朗的地區對手整合其空中和飛彈防禦系統,華盛頓就越有可能阻止中東的核擴散。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美國已經奠定了正確的基礎。例如,它促進了以色列與美國其他地區夥伴的軍事合作。它還成立了核子磋商小組,與韓國官員討論核安和戰略問題。但為了應對盟友的不安全感,華盛頓需要持續關注,而不僅僅是孤立的突發活動。同時,美國需要在可能的情況下鼓勵其中東夥伴與伊朗之間以及南韓與北韓之間的外交。在華盛頓制衡俄羅斯軸心的努力中,可信的威脅和保證必須是同一枚硬幣的一部分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">要成功完成這些任務並不容易,特別是當華盛頓的注意力被烏克蘭戰爭所吸引時。但完成它們是至關重要的。如果不做出這樣的努力,受制裁軸心只會變得越來越強大,讓西方更難支持烏克蘭並捍衛其在世界其他地區的利益。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-3134094106111810792023-10-07T08:23:00.005+08:002023-10-07T08:23:56.766+08:00 原住民應該抵抗或感謝殖民者?<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU3vdTbc7JaKgzRhFb79-VYUC53z15hfRlOnOMoBieiekx-urg7I0GoXSyrBxqIQO1HnVCOY3r0MpmswGyWVRayn-WX1wX_YPtmvcCxvrMglggCgPnawopGwiflaDrfrIlt0EwNcNpihkJWumdv5CWnScV-Ei0Ia9uJpIPWqT_bE6ctMGYMtF9R7ny/s904/1696637564136.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="904" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU3vdTbc7JaKgzRhFb79-VYUC53z15hfRlOnOMoBieiekx-urg7I0GoXSyrBxqIQO1HnVCOY3r0MpmswGyWVRayn-WX1wX_YPtmvcCxvrMglggCgPnawopGwiflaDrfrIlt0EwNcNpihkJWumdv5CWnScV-Ei0Ia9uJpIPWqT_bE6ctMGYMtF9R7ny/w466-h284/1696637564136.jpg" width="466" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">克里斯多福·哥倫布</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Christopher Columbus) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1492 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年從西班牙啟航。近年來,這次旅程的故事已從激動人心的探險故事演變為標誌著針對北美和南美土著居民的暴力行為及土地開發的開始的。艾琳布萊克莫爾</span><span lang="EN-US">(ERIN BLAKEMORE)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《國家地理雜誌》</span><span lang="EN-US">(National Geographic) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">什麼是殖民主義?</span><span lang="EN-US">> (What is colonialism?)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出,殖民主義對原住民的征服以及對他們的土地和資源的剝削有著悠久而殘酷的歷史。</span><span lang="EN-US">(The subjugation of indigenous people—and the exploitation of their
land and resources—has a long and brutal history.) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原住民應該抵抗或感謝殖民者?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e4%bb%80%e9%ba%bc%e5%8a%9b%e9%87%8f%e6%bf%80%e5%8b%b5%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%b8%e5%ae%b6%e6%93%81%e6%8a%b1%e6%96%87%e5%8c%96%e8%ac%99%e9%81%9c%ef%bc%9f/"><<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">什麼力量激勵心理學家擁抱文化謙遜?</span></span> ></a>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日本、韓國和泰國是僅有的從未被歐洲殖民過的國家</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民主義被定義為「一種權力對附屬地區或人民的控制」。當一個國家征服另一個國家,征服並剝削其人民時,就會發生這種情況,通常同時將自己的語言和文化價值強加給人民。到</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1914 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,世界上絕大多數國家都曾經一度淪為歐洲人的殖民地。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日本、韓國和泰國是僅有的從未被歐洲殖民過的國家。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民主義的概念與帝國主義的概念密切相關,帝國主義是利用權力和影響力控制另一個國家或人民的政策或精神,這是殖民主義的基礎。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民主義歷史</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在古代,古希臘、古羅馬、古埃及、腓尼基等帝國都實行殖民主義。從公元前</span><span lang="EN-US">1550</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年左右開始,這些文明都將邊界延伸到週邊和不相連的地區,並建立了殖民地,利用他們所征服的人民的物質和人口資源來增強自己的力量。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">例如,在古希臘,城邦經常建立殖民地,以尋求額外的居住空間和經濟利益。在諮詢神諭後,城邦成員將派遣一群經過挑選的居民去建立一個新的殖民地。為了鞏固殖民地和城市之間的聯繫,其創始成員會用從原城市中央壁爐中取出的火焰點燃火,並進行其他儀式,以宣稱對新地點的所有權。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在現在所謂的大航海時代,建立新殖民地依賴另一種儀式:獲得富有的贊助人(通常是君主)的贊助,並登上大船去尋找未割讓的土地。從</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀開始,葡萄牙開始尋找新的貿易路線,尋找歐洲以外的文明。</span><span lang="EN-US">1415</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,葡萄牙探險家征服了北非沿海城鎮休達,開啟了一個持續到</span><span lang="EN-US">1999</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的帝國。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">很快,葡萄牙人就征服了馬德拉島和佛得角等島嶼並在島上定居,而他們的競爭對手西班牙也決定嘗試探索。</span><span lang="EN-US">1492</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,克里斯多福·哥倫布開始尋找通往印度和中國的西線航線。相反,他登陸了巴哈馬,開啟了西班牙帝國。西班牙和葡萄牙很快就陷入了對新領土的爭奪,並佔領了美洲、印度、非洲和亞洲的土著土地。西歐其他國家也迅速跟進:英國、荷蘭、法國和德國迅速開始在海外建立自己的帝國,與西班牙和葡萄牙爭奪他們已經殖民的土地的權利。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">通常,殖民地是由歐洲人組成的相對較小的團體從土著居民手中奪取的,這些歐洲人在短暫的小規模衝突後聲稱擁有主權,或者用船隻、武器和貿易物品恐嚇當地人。例如,哥倫佈在</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1492 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年著名的航行中所帶的船員只有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 90 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人,其中</span><span lang="EN-US"> 39 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人被他留下來在現在的海地建立定居點。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導請看《銳傳媒》</span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e6%9c%80%e9%ab%98%e6%b3%95%e9%99%a2%e7%b5%82%e6%ad%a2%e5%a4%a7%e5%ad%b8%e7%a8%ae%e6%97%8f%e6%84%8f%e8%ad%98%e6%8b%9b%e7%94%9f/"><<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">美國最高法院終止大學種族意識招生</span></span> ></a>) </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">征服與革命</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民主義的魅力之一是有機會招募——而且常常是奴役——土著人民,讓殖民國家受益。例如,在巴西,被稱為班德蘭特斯</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Bandeirantes) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的探險家開始了探險活動,尋找原住民,為葡萄牙建立的種植園和礦井捕獲和奴役。來自整個歐洲的奴隸販子參與了大西洋奴隸貿易,販賣被綁架的中非和西非人,強迫他們從事勞動,從而豐富了他們在海外的帝國。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">甚至前殖民地最終也成為殖民者:以前由英國控制的美國在贏得獨立戰爭後不久就擴大了領土,後來又將其領土主張擴展到太平洋和拉丁美洲。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1880 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代開始,歐洲國家也開始接管非洲國家,競相爭奪令人垂涎的自然資源並建立殖民地,直到</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1914 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1975 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年左右進入國際非殖民化時期,挑戰歐洲統治</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民理由和抵抗</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">到目前為止,最成功的殖民者是大英帝國,它在第一次世界大戰後不久就達到了鼎盛時期,可以在世界每個時區擁有領土。英國在英國殖民政府的幫助下實現了其政治和經濟野心,「日不落」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管歐洲殖民地在西半球不斷增長,但從</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1776 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年美國革命和</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1781 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年海地革命開始,大多數殖民地國家在</span><span lang="EN-US"> 18 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀和</span><span lang="EN-US"> 19 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀獲得了獨立。然而,東半球繼續誘惑著歐洲殖民列強。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民列強聲稱他們有法律和宗教義務來控制原住民的土地和文化,以證明他們的征服是正當的。征服國家將自己的角色定位為文明的「野蠻」或「野蠻」國家,並聲稱他們的行為是為了那些被其剝削的土地和人民的最大利益。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宗教對殖民地原住民的家長式態度</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從歷史上看,教會領袖鼓勵並參與了對外國土地和勞動力的接管和剝削,最常見的是以基督教皈依的名義。</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀,天主教教宗為殖民化提出了宗教理由,發布了一系列現在被稱為「發現教義」的教宗詔書,聲稱殖民對於拯救靈魂和奪取土地以促進教會的發展是必要的。通常,基督教傳教士是最早進入新大陸的人之一。受他們必須讓盡可能多的原住民皈依基督教這一信念的啟發,他們引進了宗教和文化習俗以及對殖民地原住民的家長式態度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原住民就對征服者進行了暴力和非暴力抵抗</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,對這種控制的抵制是殖民主義故事的一個組成部分。甚至在非殖民化之前,各大洲的原住民就對征服者進行了暴力和非暴力抵抗。其中包括</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1680 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年推翻西班牙對現在新墨西哥州的統治的普韋布洛叛亂、</span><span lang="EN-US">1791 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年海地奴隸起義轉變為革命、印度一系列反對英國統治的叛亂,以及許多其他集體和個人抵抗的事例。由於其皇帝建立了一系列精明的聯盟,埃塞俄比亞能夠成為僅有的兩個避開歐洲殖民統治的非洲國家之一,並於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1896 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年在阿德瓦戰役中成功擊退了義大利的入侵。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民主義的遺產</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民地政府投資於基礎設施和貿易並傳播醫療和技術知識。在某些情況下,他們鼓勵識字、採用西方人權標準,並為民主機構和政府體製播下種子。加納等一些前殖民地在殖民統治下經歷了營養和健康水平的提高,而歐洲殖民地的定居也與一些發展成果聯繫在一起。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">殖民主義的影響</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">脅迫和強迫同化</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,伴隨這些成果而來的往往是脅迫和強迫同化,學者們仍在爭論殖民主義的許多遺產。殖民主義的影響包括環境退化、疾病傳播、經濟不穩定、種族對抗和侵犯人權——這些問題可能比某一群體的殖民統治更長久。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">正如南亞歷史學家約翰·麥奎德(</span><span lang="EN-US">John McQuade</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)所寫,“只有對證據進行高度選擇性的誤讀,才能聲稱殖民主義對大多數殖民地來說不是一場人道主義災難。”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-84558375397132050482023-10-06T22:14:00.006+08:002023-10-06T22:14:48.543+08:00 約恩·福瑟 : 我必須去到我心靈的邊界<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnU8D_9myuC9iUsgwYCPfve-iuZoq3NQ8ljwwS5s8gSTy4P6oW1pwt432IBsLIlEO2Ae6S3Tx1tS9k8_FBloreW2PEI5Z-DWtIYLo_qNdmZFM5R8Nj098PR_Vnh2iZY-HW_KMkBt92rtHbRKm2bYcKJblcxU-TxNFLaqhrUD8CTFb3xxaZgCIJJSvO/s792/1696588197853.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="792" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnU8D_9myuC9iUsgwYCPfve-iuZoq3NQ8ljwwS5s8gSTy4P6oW1pwt432IBsLIlEO2Ae6S3Tx1tS9k8_FBloreW2PEI5Z-DWtIYLo_qNdmZFM5R8Nj098PR_Vnh2iZY-HW_KMkBt92rtHbRKm2bYcKJblcxU-TxNFLaqhrUD8CTFb3xxaZgCIJJSvO/w434-h331/1696588197853.jpg" width="434" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">今年諾貝爾文學獎得主約恩·福瑟,這位挪威作家數十年來創作了大量奇特而又受人尊敬的作品。但他仍然不知道寫作的源泉在哪裡。福瑟坐在化妝桌上,倚著化妝台。福瑟說:「當我寫得很好的時候,我有一種非常清晰明確的感覺,我正在寫的東西已經寫好了。它就在某個地方。我只需要在它消失之前把它寫下來。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">相關報導</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/%e5%b0%8d%e6%96%bc%e5%96%ac%e6%81%a9%c2%b7%e7%a6%8f%e6%96%af%e4%be%86%e8%aa%aa%ef%bc%8c%e5%af%ab%e4%bd%9c%e5%b0%b1%e5%83%8f%e7%a6%b1%e5%91%8a/"><<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">對於約恩·福瑟來說,寫作就像禱告</span></span>> </a>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在一座灰色的小祈禱室裡聚會</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哈當厄爾峽灣是挪威第二大峽灣,從北海向遠處的維斯特蘭山脈延伸。在峽灣的半山腰,岸上的光線暗淡,水中的黑暗被光線染成銀色,這裡就是斯特蘭德巴姆村。這裡是福瑟基金會(</span><span lang="EN-US">Fosse Foundation</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)的所在地,這是一個專門紀念約恩·福瑟(</span><span lang="EN-US">Jon Fosse</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)的組織</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">福瑟是小說家、散文家,也是歐洲創作最多的當代劇作家之一。基金會成員在一座灰色的小祈禱室裡聚會,祈禱室俯瞰著彎曲的港口;祈禱室後面的黑色岩壁上有一條瀑布飛流直下。基金會的路邊有兩棟白色的房子:一棟是福瑟從小長大的房子,他的母親還住在那裡;另一棟是他祖父母的房子。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">空氣中彌漫著競爭和覬覦的氣息</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">今年八月,福瑟基金會為前來參加約恩·福瑟國際研討會的翻譯家、出版商和記者們舉辦了一場午餐會。在頂樓,一位小提琴手用哈當厄爾小提琴演奏了一曲華爾滋,這種小提琴有四根上弦,下面還有四根共鳴弦,它們會根據上弦演奏的音符而振動。在底層,參觀者可以參觀紡織藝術家</span><span lang="EN-US"> Åse Ljones </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的展覽,她將福瑟作品中的句子縫製在床單、手帕和睡衣上。福瑟基金會的一位成員舉起利約內斯的一張紙,請福瑟的六位翻譯中的任何一位翻譯。大家踴躍發言,暗暗叫苦。空氣中彌漫著競爭和覬覦的氣息。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我只是一個來自挪威西部農村的怪人</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">描述這一切</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">燈光、音樂、聖水、聖衣</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我想到的一個詞是</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「朝聖」。人們很少看到在世的作家受到如此崇敬的對待。福瑟告訴我:「我只是一個來自挪威西部農村的怪人。」他是一個共產主義者和無政府主義者的混合體,是一個喜歡在鄉間拉小提琴和讀書的「嬉皮士」。他進入貝根大學學習比較文學,並開始用挪威語寫作,挪威語是西部農村地區特有的書面語。他的第一部長篇小說《紅與黑》於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1983 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年出版,之後的三十年裡,他又陸續出版了《憂鬱</span><span lang="EN-US"> I</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》、《憂鬱</span><span lang="EN-US"> II</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》、《晨昏》、《篝火旁的阿麗斯》和《三部曲》。在經歷了幾乎只作為劇作家工作的瘋狂成功而忙碌的時期後,福瑟於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2012 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年皈依天主教,戒酒並再婚。隨後,他開始創作《七部曲》(</span><span lang="EN-US">Septology</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),這是一部用一句話寫成的七卷本小說,是他轉向「慢散文」的典型代表。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">該書由達米恩</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">塞爾斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Damion Searls</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)為英國的</span><span lang="EN-US"> Fitzcarraldo Editions </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">出版社翻譯;美國版已於本月由</span><span lang="EN-US"> Transit Books </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">出版)。《</span><span lang="EN-US">Septology</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》的敘述者是一位名叫阿斯勒的畫家,他皈依了天主教,因妻子阿萊絲的去世而悲痛欲絕。聖誕前夜,阿斯勒在貝根的一條小巷裡發現了他的朋友,也是一位名叫阿斯勒的畫家,因酒精中毒而昏迷不醒。他們的記憶雙重、重複,逐漸模糊成一個聲音,一個能夠同時存在於多個時空的彌散意識。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我的寫作有一種和解;或者,就是和平</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">閱讀福瑟的戲劇和小說,就是與一位作家進行交流,由於他的矜持和隱忍,人們會更加強烈地感受到他的存在。他的劇作中的人物通常都有一個通用的名字</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">男人、女人、母親、孩子,這些名字反映了我們原始關係的強度,同時又不乏淒涼和喜劇色彩。「正如福瑟所熟讀的十四世紀神學家邁斯特</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">艾克哈特(</span><span lang="EN-US">Meister Eckhart</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)所描述的那樣,《七十學》是我讀過的唯一一部讓我相信神性存在的小說:「人在黑暗中才能找到光明,所以當我們陷入悲傷時,這道光離我們最近」。與其他作家的比較似乎都不正確。伯恩哈德?太咄咄逼人了。貝克特?控制欲太強。易卜生?「他是我所知道的最具破壞性的作家,」福瑟說。「我覺得我的寫作有一種</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我不知道這是不是一個好的英語詞彙</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但有一種和解。或者,用天主教或基督教的話來說,就是和平。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">凡是不能言說的,就必須保持沉默</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">福瑟沒有參加哈當厄爾峽灣的郊遊,但他參加了挪威文化部前一天晚上在貝根舉行的晚宴,挪威外交大臣在晚宴上引用了路德維希</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">維特根斯坦的名言:</span><span lang="EN-US">"Whereof one cannot speak, thereof it</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">挪威外交部長引用了路德維希</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">維特根斯坦的話:</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">凡是不能言說的,就必須保持沉默</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。我們邊吃晚飯邊聊天,然後在文學之家的福瑟廳再次見面,福瑟的黑白壁畫慈祥地俯視著我們。比起壁畫,福瑟更像他筆下的阿斯勒:灰色長馬尾,黑色大衣,黑色皮鞋,口袋裡裝著鼻煙盒。他有時似乎因為需要說話而感到痛苦,但又對自己所說的話充滿自信。在我們的談話中,我常常感受到與他的寫作相同的競爭衝動:對文字背後的人既好奇又有保護欲;對他關於如何寫小說的神秘描述既懷疑又相信。最重要的是,他給我的印象是一個非常善良的人,他願意談論一切:恩典、愛、嫉妒、和平、他瀕臨死亡的經歷以及他對翻譯的熱愛。為了清晰起見,我們的談話經過了編輯。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所以寫作是因為他們不會說話</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「您很少接受面對面的採訪。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「我更喜歡通過電子郵件接受採訪。我覺得寫作,即使是用英語,往往比說話更容易。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「我曾採訪過幾位作家,他們聲稱之所以寫作是因為他們不會說話。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「是的,對我來說有點像。外事部門的人引用了維特根斯坦的話:</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們不能說的,我們必須通過:</span><span lang="EN-US"> "</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們無法言說的東西,我們必須用沉默來釋懷</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。你知道雅克</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">德里達有句名言:</span><span lang="EN-US"> "</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你不能說的,你必須寫出來</span><span lang="EN-US">" </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這更接近我的想法。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大學或大學精神深受馬克思主義的影響</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「德里達在你早期的散文《天使走過舞臺》中表現得淋漓盡致。在您的許多戲劇和小說中,尤其是圍繞言語和沉默的遊戲,都能感受到他的思維模式。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「我從</span><span lang="EN-US">1979</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年開始學習德里達。至少在挪威,大學或大學精神深受馬克思主義的影響。我們有一個極端的毛澤東主義政黨,在學者、作家和諸如此類的人當中非常強大。這就是當時的精神,甚至對我來說也是如此。我開始學習社會學</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我覺得這完全是愚蠢的。這種思維方式,這種實證主義的計算方式</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">簡直一無是處。所以我轉學了哲學。從馬克思到法國後結構主義,那幾年發生了很大的變化。我記得第一次讀德里達的書,是在挪威的某個鄉村。那是『語法學』的丹麥語譯本。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">小說理論的基本概念不應是敘述者</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「《語法學》對我產生了某種影響。你讀過馬丁</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">海德格爾的《存在與時代》</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我研究和閱讀了很多海德格爾的著作。這很困難,但也很有啟發。我覺得德里達所做的是在顛覆海德格爾。海德格爾的主要問題是:存在的一切事物的共性是什麼?德里達的主要問題恰恰相反:是什麼讓所有存在的事物變得不同?我認為寫作是一種非常奇特的行為。它不像說話。它是不同的,非常不同。當然,這也讓我與德里達和他的寫作概念產生了某種聯繫。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「然後我開始學習比較文學。那時,我已經寫出了我的第一部小說和各種文學作品。小說理論是我的主要研究課題。這些理論總是以敘述者為基本概念:敘述者、人物、角色、視角之間的關係。這些都很重要,但我仍然認為,小說理論的基本概念不應是敘述者,因為敘述者源於口頭傳統。它應該是作家。我認為作家是寫作的身體部分,是寫作的物質性。我想以作家為主要概念,寫出我自己的敘述或書面小說的小理論。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我有一個正式的形象</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">那就是約恩·福瑟,</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但作家沒有名字</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「這也來自於演奏音樂。我十二、三歲時寫的第一篇文章是一首歌的歌詞。我還寫過一些詩歌和小故事。我覺得,當我為自己而寫,為自己而寫,而不是為學校而寫的時候,這是非常私密的。我找到了自己喜歡的地方。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「那是一個安全的地方。它仍然是我十二歲時自己找到的地方。現在我已經六十二歲了,那個地方</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">它不是我,但不知何故,它就在我心裡。它與我這個人不同。我通常說我是喬恩這個人。我有一個正式的形象</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">那就是約恩·福瑟</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但作家沒有名字。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我必須去到我心靈的邊界</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「那是一個傾聽和運動的地方</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">那是一個非常安全的地方</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但它也可能是可怕的,因為它是我進入未知世界的必經之路。我必須去到我心靈的邊界,我必須跨越這些邊界。如果你覺得自己很脆弱,那麼跨越這些邊界就會讓你感到恐懼。有幾年我就是這樣。我根本不敢寫自己的東西,因為我害怕跨越自己的邊界。當我寫得很好的時候,我有一種非常清晰明確的感覺,我所寫的東西已經寫好了。它就在某個地方。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-80223289836721877302023-10-06T00:09:00.005+08:002023-10-06T00:09:31.038+08:00你應該把某人從惡夢中叫醒嗎?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhGtKOoolCx9witq-KvM1ilr0NpFpLUDdPk2638TDbrZEoDAweV99p9XVMbtkGO6G-WorzkHam5xxinXolVRytGwA8yqyRCjN82ZQjaZH86Ym2extJC_nG918E6bmRg1XXu-fJeeV10tz6YnA-j7cCRsmIkEmFcpw1T8T-LplhBlocZ1dk-I5myMun/s508/1696522101750.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="395" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhGtKOoolCx9witq-KvM1ilr0NpFpLUDdPk2638TDbrZEoDAweV99p9XVMbtkGO6G-WorzkHam5xxinXolVRytGwA8yqyRCjN82ZQjaZH86Ym2extJC_nG918E6bmRg1XXu-fJeeV10tz6YnA-j7cCRsmIkEmFcpw1T8T-LplhBlocZ1dk-I5myMun/w352-h452/1696522101750.jpg" width="352" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">文</span><span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你的同床者正在睡夢中嗚咽,也許還會翻來覆去。這看起來就像一場惡夢。你該叫醒他們嗎?史蒂芬妮·帕帕斯</span><span lang="EN-US"> Stephanie Pappas</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在最新一期《科學美國人》</span><span lang="EN-US">(Scientific American ) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">你應該把某人從惡夢中叫醒嗎?</span>
<span lang="EN-US">> (Should You Wake Someone from the Throes of a Nightmare? )</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">卻說,「惡夢令人不愉快,但在惡夢中叫醒某人並不是處理惡夢的最佳方法」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Nightmares are unpleasant, but waking someone in the midst of one
isn’t the best way to handle them)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">專家說。無論腦海中出現的景像多麼可怕,將某人從噩夢中叫醒更有可能確保他們記住噩夢。如果有人在睡眠中表現出這樣的身體不適,那麼他們更有可能是在做夜驚,而不是做惡夢;夜驚是不同的神經體驗。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">更多新知深度報導請看</span><b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">《<span lang="EN-US">銳傳媒<span lang="EN-US">》</span></span></span></span></a></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: red;">)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人們往往不會記得自己的噩夢</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">哈佛醫學院的夢境研究員、《睡眠委員會》(</span><span lang="EN-US">Oneiroi Press</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)一書的作者迪爾德麗·巴雷特(</span><span lang="EN-US">Deirdre Barrett</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)說,噩夢是夢的正常組成部分。它們幾乎總是發生在快速動眼睡眠(</span><span lang="EN-US">REM</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)中,該睡眠階段的大腦活動看起來與清醒時的大腦非常相似。「除了嚇人之外,它們看起來就像其他所有的夢想一樣,」巴雷特說。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在快速動眼睡眠期間,負責長期記憶儲存的大腦區域顯示出激活的變化,因此人們往往不會記得自己的噩夢,除非這些睡眠故事足夠可怕,足以將他們吵醒。一旦做夢者醒來,他們的長期記憶區域就會恢復正常。大多數時候,做惡夢的人與平靜的做夢者沒有什麼不同。德國中央心理健康研究所的夢與睡眠研究員邁克爾·施雷德爾(</span><span lang="EN-US">Michael Schredl</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)表示,在做噩夢時,心率平均每分鐘增加七次。否則,睡眠者通常會躺在床上一動也不動:在快速動眼睡眠期間,肌肉會麻痺,這會阻止人們實現他們的夢想。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">施雷德爾說,如果一個人在走動、睡夢中說話或夢遊時表現出痛苦的樣子,那麼這更有可能是夜驚,發生在非快速動眼睡眠期間。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">惡夢可能是人們在清醒時所經歷的壓力經歷的迴響</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不列顛哥倫比亞省治療惡夢患者的臨床顧問萊斯利‧艾利斯</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Leslie Ellis) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示,夜驚在兒童中尤其常見。「你不應該叫醒他們,因為他們會迷失方向,」艾利斯說。“如果你不叫醒他們,他們就不會記得這件事。”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">惡夢可能是人們在清醒時所經歷的壓力經歷的迴響。根據有關該主題的幾項研究,在新冠病毒大流行初期,人們報告了更多的噩夢。根據</span><span lang="EN-US">2022 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年《</span><span lang="EN-US">Somnologie</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》雜誌發表的研究,新的主題也出現了,包括有關疾病、禁閉和蟲子的主題——後者可能是感染或污染的象徵。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">偶爾做可怕的夢沒什麼好擔心的</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">赫爾辛基大學心理學研究員阿努</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">卡特里娜·佩索寧</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Anu-Katriina Pesonen ) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">記錄了</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2020 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年初的夢境變化,他說,人們有時似乎也在適應疫情的新規則。「這些夢通常是對新行為規則的重新體驗,」佩索寧說。「例如,夢中的手抖被生動地體驗為一個重大錯誤。這可以幫助學習新規範。”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">偶爾做可怕的夢沒什麼好擔心的,但頻繁的惡夢有時可能是更大的心理障礙的一部分。巴雷特和艾利斯說,好消息是這些惡夢是可以治癒的。巴雷特說,那些最容易做惡夢的人往往經歷過創傷。他們可能會重溫他們的創傷經歷,有時會增加更黑暗的恐懼。這些惡夢往往非常令人震驚,以至於中斷人們的康復。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">放鬆進入一種白日夢,重寫噩夢的情況</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「我從來沒有聽過有人說他們不介意做</span><span lang="EN-US"> PTSD</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(創傷後壓力症候群)噩夢。他們會說,『這就像創傷再次發生,夜復一夜,』」巴雷特說。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">巴雷特說,其中一些與創傷相關的噩夢可能發生在快速動眼睡眠之外,這表明它們更像是創傷後壓力症候群</span><span lang="EN-US"> (PTSD) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的閃回,而不是普通的夢。將某人從這些噩夢中叫醒並不是一個長期的解決方案,但是可以指導做噩夢的人控制夢境。有不同的方法可以做到這一點。有些心理學家和諮商師會簡單地告訴一個人噩夢可能的替代結局。這可以是任何事情,從神奇的救援到拯救自己的人。在她的實踐中,艾利斯讓患者放鬆進入一種白日夢,重寫噩夢的情況,同時確保他們感到安全和舒適。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">2020 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的一項研究統合分析中,研究人員發現,這種被稱為「想像排練療法」的治療方法可能與結束創傷後噩夢的藥物一樣有效。有趣的是,這種方法也適用於反覆出現的惡夢或反覆出現的惡夢,有時甚至持續數年。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6700540335293118294.post-16854784318042977312023-10-05T16:37:00.004+08:002023-10-05T16:37:27.793+08:00 什麼力量激勵心理學家擁抱文化謙遜?<p><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqPd_l1Tn0JPNqjyM1tjl82Fj5Be1lE9dm60IiFeLgatuvxDdcuSEfy7bs7lWvAFG6-5vrz-lgRkq9b4acCf01oZThGJkWDkFQLX1B1K9lx8zDVUT2L_iOgnkSQ51Zt5jl-dmaCwgBJgZ0WSE0ig7KKsqUBbYq4nZsmarzIP7hOVRX_KsclQaRrLC4/s1137/1696494474540.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="1137" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqPd_l1Tn0JPNqjyM1tjl82Fj5Be1lE9dm60IiFeLgatuvxDdcuSEfy7bs7lWvAFG6-5vrz-lgRkq9b4acCf01oZThGJkWDkFQLX1B1K9lx8zDVUT2L_iOgnkSQ51Zt5jl-dmaCwgBJgZ0WSE0ig7KKsqUBbYq4nZsmarzIP7hOVRX_KsclQaRrLC4/w466-h262/1696494474540.jpg" width="466" /></a></div><br />文<span lang="EN-US"> / <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鄭春鴻</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">了解美洲原住民社區的心理和生理健康差異;討論西方治療模式在解決美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民心理健康問題的限制;描述如何在研究和臨床環境中擁抱美洲原住民的價值觀、習俗和信仰。這些新的途徑,給了心理學家極大的啟發。希瑟‧斯金格</span><span lang="EN-US"> Heather Stringer</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發表在《心理學評論》</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Psychological Review) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美洲原住民文化的療癒力量激勵心理學家擁抱文化謙遜</span><span lang="EN-US">>( The healing power of Native American culture is inspiring
psychologists to embrace cultural humility)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">指出,一群心理健康專業人士呼籲開發基於美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民價值觀和世界觀的創新治療方法。</span><span lang="EN-US">(A cadre of mental health professionals is calling for the
development of innovative treatment approaches based on American Indian and
Alaska Native values and worldviews) (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">更多新知深度報導請看</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://vigormedia.tw/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">《<span lang="EN-US">銳傳媒<span lang="EN-US">》</span></span></span></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民經常被忽視</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">COVID-19 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大流行和「黑人生命也是命」運動提高了人們對該國持續存在的健康不平等問題的認識,但在縮小這些差距的努力中,有一個群體經常被忽視:美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民。數據揭示了影響該族群中</span><span lang="EN-US"> 370 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人的長期且不斷升級的心理健康狀況的令人不安的現實。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根據</span><span lang="EN-US">2016 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的全國數據,酒精導致的死亡人數在美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民中最高,每</span><span lang="EN-US">10 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人中有</span><span lang="EN-US">172 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人死亡,其次是拉丁裔人,為</span><span lang="EN-US">26.6 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人,白人為</span><span lang="EN-US">25.8 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人,黑人為</span><span lang="EN-US">18.4 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人。這些死亡可能是由酒精性肝病引起的、因飲酒、神經系統退化或其他與飲酒相關的病症而導致的精神和行為障礙(</span><span lang="EN-US"> Spillane, S. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等人,</span><span lang="EN-US"> JAMA Network Open </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,第</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">卷,第</span><span lang="EN-US">2 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">期,</span><span lang="EN-US">2020 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年)。</span><span lang="EN-US">1999 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2017 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年間,美洲印地安人和阿拉斯加原住民女性和男性的自殺率增幅最大,分別增加了</span><span lang="EN-US"> 139% </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US"> 71%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。相較之下,白人女性和男性的增幅分別為</span><span lang="EN-US"> 68% </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US"> 40%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,其他種族和族裔群體的增幅較低。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">預期壽命下降幅度族裔群體中最大的</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">COVID-19 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也對部落社區造成了不成比例的影響。在大流行期間,他們的預期壽命下降幅度是美國所有種族和族裔群體中最大的。</span><span lang="EN-US">2021 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民的預期壽命為</span><span lang="EN-US"> 65.2 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲,相當於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1944 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年美國總人口的預期壽命。</span><span lang="EN-US">2021 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,黑人的平均預期壽命為</span><span lang="EN-US">70.8 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲,白人為</span><span lang="EN-US">76.4 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲,拉丁裔為</span><span lang="EN-US">77.7 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲。儘管健康狀況不佳,但印第安人健康服務</span><span lang="EN-US">(IHS)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">——一項為超過</span><span lang="EN-US">250 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬美洲印第安人和印第安人提供護理的聯邦計劃阿拉斯加原住民為每位患者提供的資金遠少於醫療保險、醫療補助或退伍軍人健康管理局</span><span lang="EN-US"> (VA)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US">2017 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">IHS </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">患者的人均支出為</span><span lang="EN-US">4,078 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美元,而醫療補助患者的人均支出為</span><span lang="EN-US">8,109 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美元,醫療保險和</span><span lang="EN-US">VA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">患者的人均支出超過</span><span lang="EN-US">10,000 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美元。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對心理健康問題的傳統理解仍然植根於西方觀點</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管這些健康差異似乎很棘手,但美洲原住民心理學家認為,進展緩慢的部分原因是心理健康專業需要採用新的範式,以便更好地為美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民服務。「對心理健康問題的傳統理解以及治療這些問題的模式仍然植根於西方觀點,」華盛頓州立大學臨床心理學教授阿特·布魯姆博士說,他是切羅基族和喬克托族。「在心理學中,我們專注於對待個人和促進自主權,將其作為健康和福祉的標誌,但這不一定是原住民的世界觀。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">傳統上,許多部落將世界視為一個相互依存的系統,其中宇宙、自然環境和社區與健康聯繫在一起,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從業者和研究人員必須保持文化謙遜</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">布魯姆不是採用主流心理學中經過經驗驗證的治療方法,而是呼籲開發基於美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民價值觀和世界觀的創新治療方法的心理學家之一。哈佛大學人類學、全球健康和社會醫學教授</span><span lang="EN-US"> Joseph Gone </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博士表示,首先,從業者和研究人員必須保持文化謙遜,並願意了解征服、壓迫和剝奪的歷史如何影響部落社區。他也是印度心理學家協會的前任主席。「我們的生活方式被認為是無可救藥的落後和野蠻,我們被期望成為農民和牧場主,學習閱讀、寫作和算術,」戈恩說,他是蒙大拿州</span><span lang="EN-US"> Aaniiih-Gros Ventre </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">部落民族的成員。「身份喪失造成的嚴重損害導致了自殺、創傷和成癮等後殖民失調。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原住民部落遺產的療癒力量</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">心理健康專業人員可以透過了解殖民主義的歷史,了解部落社區的價值觀和傳統,並將靈性和其他力量來源融入治療中,開始裝備自己,促進美洲原住民的復原。美國有</span><span lang="EN-US"> 574 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個聯邦認可的美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民部落,心理學家應該意識到,由於部落的信仰不同,每個社區內部的策略也有所不同。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">布魯姆說:「通過了解我們在學校學到的東西在幫助這些社區方面相當有限,我們可以開始了解他們能教給我們多少東西。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「我們可以學習土著智慧並探索幫助他們克服歷史上重大挑戰的優勢。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">來自心理學的道歉</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了啟動和解與治癒的進程,</span><span lang="EN-US">APA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2020 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年成立了原住民道歉工作小組。該道歉於</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2023 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月獲得眾議院批准,承認了虐待的歷史,包括「破壞性傷害和強迫行為,例如絕育、搬遷、否定文化的寄宿學校、收養和將原住民兒童帶離其家庭和文化以及非原住民父母收養、故意造成天花和引入酒精、終止妊娠主權部落。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">道歉中也列出了心理學的具體危害。例如,「心理學家為美洲原住民的寄宿和走讀學校系統的殖民框架提供了意識形態支持,但未能公開反對。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">該工作小組還制定了一份包含</span><span lang="EN-US"> 46 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">項建議的清單,例如尊重原住民對常見心理概念的理解和實踐,以及支持原住民心理學家開發評估工具和乾預措施。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在部落社群中建立信任</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2021 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US">APA </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">成為美國原住民兒童健康委員會</span><span lang="EN-US">(CONACH)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的聯絡成員,該委員會是美國兒科學會的一項倡議,重點關注美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民兒童面臨的問題。</span><span lang="EN-US">APA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">健康與醫療保健融資高級主管</span><span lang="EN-US">Stephen Gillaspy</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博士於</span><span lang="EN-US">2022</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年招募了四位心理學家參加委員會在</span><span lang="EN-US">IHS</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">領域的諮詢實地考察。</span><span lang="EN-US">CONACH </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">團隊與第一線醫療保健提供者互動,了解每個社區的需求和創新的護理模式,從而為該組織的宣傳重點提供資訊。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民一起工作的心理學家正在慢慢開拓可以促進康復的道路。伊娃·格雷沃爾夫</span><span lang="EN-US">(Iva GreyWolf) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博士是阿西尼博因</span><span lang="EN-US">(Assiniboine) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和阿尼西納貝</span><span lang="EN-US">(Anishinabe)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,她花了</span><span lang="EN-US">30 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多年的時間沉浸在阿拉斯加和蒙大拿州的偏遠土著社區中,她的大部分工作都是在非正式環境中而不是在辦公室進行。在這些社區中,聚會很常見,她會自願幫忙洗碗、提供食物或做其他任務。「我和他們一起參加老年中心,採摘漿果和串珠,在這些情況下,人們獲得了信任,並開始輕鬆地談論他們的擔憂和掙扎,」灰狼說。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">重視集體主義</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在向她吐露心聲後,人們有時有興趣在她的辦公室會面。但傳統上對缺席的經濟處罰並不適用,因為灰狼了解人們在交通、資金和天氣方面所面臨的障礙。她也了解到,幽默是文化不可或缺的一部分,可以幫助人們生存,也可以減少障礙。「當我犯錯時,學會嘲笑自己很重要,」她說。當她和她的丈夫一起參加社區聚餐時,一些部落成員開玩笑說要她帶餡餅去參加下一次聚會,作為與配偶坐在聚會上的罰款。她了解到,罰款是一種愉快的方式,讓她知道這被視為佔有欲,並且部落重視在活動期間與其他成員交往。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">猶他大學大學諮商中心培訓、規劃和外展主任安吉拉·恩諾博士表示,在</span><span lang="EN-US"> COVID-19 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大流行期間,他們對家庭的堅定承諾有時對美國原住民學生來說是一個挑戰。疫情期間,她在北亞利桑那大學擔任治療師,見到了許多美國印第安人學生,他們預計會一次返回部落社區數月,以照顧生病的家人。當教授們猶豫是否要為遲到的作業或錯過的考試提供津貼時,她為這些學生辯護。「這些學生無法上網,他們對失去熟悉部落教義、歷史、語言和身份的年長親戚感到悲痛,」她說。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">了解部落差異可以改善美洲原住民的心理健康</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管家庭責任可能與學校的要求相衝突,但對集體主義的關注對於在大流行期間返回代際家庭的美國原住民年輕人來說也有優勢。研究表明,在大流行期間,</span><span lang="EN-US">65 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲及以上的人在心理上比年輕人更具彈性,與年輕群體相比,焦慮症、憂鬱症、創傷或壓力相關疾病的發生率較低。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恩諾說:「我們有大量數據表明,接觸文化可以改善美洲原住民的心理健康,而接觸文化的機會來自長輩。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恩諾說,當學生們與憂鬱症和其他心理健康問題作鬥爭時,長輩們的智慧包括保持忙碌,早起、砍柴、照顧動物和祈禱。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">儘管美洲原住民可能具有某些共同的價值觀,但每個部落的習俗和信念可能有所不同。出於這個原因,恩諾在與這些客戶的第一次會議開始時留出時間進行文化分享,而不是從一系列問題開始。「我讓他們有機會詢問我的情況,並談論他們的部落身份對他們意味著什麼,」北達科他州龜山奇佩瓦人的一級後裔恩諾說。這意味著她的父親是部落成員,而她不是。「我探討了他們希望在多大程度上將原住民觀點帶入治療中。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">尊重與悲傷相關的土著傳統</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在大流行期間,她也學會了在與經歷悲傷的美洲原住民一起工作時保持靈活性。「心理學家通常傾向於鼓勵客戶談論去世的親人並表達情感。但在一些部落中,說話和哭泣的時間是有限制的,然後你會因為文化和精神原因而離開,這可能會因部落而異,」恩諾說。她的一些客戶希望學習控制情緒並再次找到快樂的策略,因為他們想尊重與悲傷相關的土著傳統。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">猶他州立大學心理學副教授、切羅基族成員梅麗莎·泰希</span><span lang="EN-US"> (Melissa Tehee) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">表示,部落中男性和女性的角色也可能有所不同。她來自一個母係部落,這個部落的婦女很直言不諱,按照傳統,丈夫在婚後會搬到女方家裡住。不同動物的意義也因某人的部落歸屬而異。在一張幻燈片演示中,</span><span lang="EN-US">Tehee </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原本計劃加入貓頭鷹的圖像,但在發現動物可能對某些部落成員意味著危險後,她決定反對。現在,她在會議或培訓之前檢查部落歸屬和信仰,以了解某些動物的含義或她計劃納入的其他精神參考。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">可能會被誤解為自閉症的跡象,降低誤診風險</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">了解美洲原住民社區的價值觀、精神和溝通方式有助於提供者與患者建立聯繫並避免誤診。俄克拉荷馬州奇卡索民族的高級心理學家、切羅基民族的成員</span><span lang="EN-US"> B. J. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博伊德博士說,文化上適當的人際行為有時可以被視為自閉症譜系障礙的症狀。博伊德說:「避免目光接觸或花更長時間回答問題的美國原住民兒童的行為可能是適當的,但這可能會被誤解為自閉症的跡象。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「在西方文化中,孩子通常被期望及時回答,讓成年人知道他們的聲音已經被聽到。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博伊德確保以文化敏感的方式對每位患者進行評估。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發起文化對話,尋找意義和安慰來幫助他治療疾病</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他還看到非原住民醫療保健提供者如何假設患者表現出精神疾病或藥物問題的症狀,而實際上患者正在用精神術語討論他們的心理健康鬥爭。博伊德與一名患有焦慮症的美國原住民患者一起工作,該男子向醫療服務提供者表示,他院子裡的鳥類和松鼠幫助他了解了自己的疾病。博伊德說:「我必須干預,阻止醫療服務提供者診斷他患有精神分裂症,因為他只是在尋找意義和安慰來幫助他治療疾病。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隨著心理學家尋求更好地為美洲原住民服務,護理方法的改變有可能改善來自廣泛種族和族裔群體的人們的福祉。猶他州立大學</span><span lang="EN-US"> Tehee </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的研究團隊最近與當地一所小學合作,幫助學生更多地了解美洲原住民文化,這個為期一年的計畫包括幫助學生分享自己文化的練習。「我們發現,隨著時間的推移,了解其他文化會增加學生與自己文化的聯繫,」</span><span lang="EN-US">Tehee </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說。學生們也提高了文化同理心水平,或理解來自不同文化的人的經驗的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">恢復美洲原住民因殖民征服而產生的深深的自卑感和羞恥感</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">透過在教育早期納入有關文化的討論,</span><span lang="EN-US">Tehee </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">希望培養一代有文化能力的公民,他們對自己和他人的文化更加好奇。「這為所有學生提供了體驗歸屬感的空間,」她說。「如果他們感覺與他人的聯繫更加緊密,他們將更有可能讓別人知道他們是否在掙扎,而不是保持沉默。」</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些關於文化的對話可以在教室、研究實驗室、臨床環境和社交聚會中進行,從「認識到你在理解方面的限制」開始至關重要,</span><span lang="EN-US">Gone </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說。他鼓勵心理學家以開放的態度對待來自任何背景的客戶,並願意公開分享他們為來自不同文化背景的人們提供服務的有限能力。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「通過這樣做,我們開始恢復美洲原住民因殖民征服而產生的深深的自卑感和羞恥感,因為我們與邊緣化社區和個人建立了新的關係。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>鄭春鴻http://www.blogger.com/profile/12322341245263646820noreply@blogger.com0